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Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003378
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... of temperature and moisture through the thickness of a laminate. Stresses caused due to mechanical loads, temperature, and moisture on the laminate are analyzed. The article concludes with information on interlaminar cracking, free-edge delamination, and transverse cracks of laminates. unidirectional...
Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 4 Delamination in [0°/±45°/90°] graphite-epoxy subjected to static loading. (a) Micrograph of a free edge. 35×. (b) An x-ray of the width. 0.2× More
Book Chapter

By T. Kevin O'Brien
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003380
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... are the material and structural discontinuities that give rise to interlaminar stresses ( Fig. 1 ). Delaminations occur at stress-free edges due to a mismatch in properties of the individual layers, at ply drops (both internal and external) where thickness must be reduced, and at regions subjected to out-of-plane...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003424
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... delaminations. Tool wear in all of these operations will cause delaminations and costly rework. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of the process and predictable tool life is extremely important to the end user. Ideally the surface produced by milling, routing, drilling, or countersink should be free...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
..., in cross-ply laminates such as (0°/90°) s . Delamination In composite laminates, free-edge delamination under in-plane axial loading is caused by interlaminar stresses that are highly localized around the free edge ( Ref 8 ). The nature of interlaminar stresses with regard to their magnitude...
Book Chapter

By Jonathan Goering
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003387
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... be cognizant of cases where primary loads in the plane of the laminate induce secondary loads that act in the through-thickness direction. Such cases include free-edge stresses in cross-plied laminates under axial loads, radial stresses in curved laminates subject to tangential loads and bending moments...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... and delamination that occur when forming at room temperature. Stretch forming has not been successful, because of the difficulties in adapting high temperatures to the process. Proper preparation of the edges of blanks is necessary in the forming of molybdenum and tungsten. All edges in tension during forming...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003426
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
.../epoxy structure, the countersink cutters usually have straight flutes similar to those used on metals. For aramid fiber/epoxy composites, testing has shown that a countersink that incorporates S-shaped positive rake cutting flutes produces a fuzz-free countersink edge. If straight- fluted countersink...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... from the wall of the machined edge or drilled hole ( Fig. 3 ) Fig. 1 Surface delamination characterized (a) by splintering, in graphite composites and (b) by shedding in aramid composites Fig. 2 Internal delamination Fig. 3 Fiber/resin pull-out. (a) 30°; 20×. (b) ±45°; 170...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... to be distinguished from the original composite specimen and helps to highlight damage features. The best method for creating an artifact-free specimen is to first impregnate the strike area under vacuum using an epoxy casting resin, followed by the application of pressure during the cure. This encapsulated area...
Book Chapter

By James H. Maker
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001813
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Nickel plated 1095 steel pawl spring that fractured by fatigue. (a) Configuration and dimensions (given in inches) of the failed component. (b) Micrograph showing pits at edge of rivet hole. 45×. (c) Micrograph of area adjacent to rivet hole, showing delaminations (arrows) filled with nickel plating. 250...
Book Chapter

By Barry J. Berenberg
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003390
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... concentration profile or an average mass gain versus time curve. The free-edge delamination module calculates the strain energy release rate ( G value) for a crack extending from the free edge of a laminate. Inputs consist of a temperature change and an applied strain. Five different G values can...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... ( Fig. 5 ). The damage occurs in flight as a result of air, rain, and/or grit impingement on the surface. Damage levels range from removal of coating to stripping of complete laminate surface plies. Fig. 5 Laminate edge erosion Delaminations and Disbonds Delaminations and disbonds can...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003330
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... the tabbed panel, again taking care to maintain alignment with the reference edge (test axis). Good quality composite specimens should be of uniform dimensions, have a precise fiber alignment, and possess high-quality finish on machined edges. There should be no evidence of delamination along machined...
Book Chapter

By Stephen D. Holland
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006444
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... Abstract Vibrothermography, also known as sonic thermography, sonic infrared (IR), thermosonics, and vibroacoustic thermography, is a nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique for finding cracks and delaminations through vibration-induced heating. This article describes the four parts...
Book Chapter

By Bernhard R. Tittmann, Lawrence W. Kessler
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006466
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... is applied to high-resolution, high-frequency ultrasonic inspection techniques that produce images of features beneath the surface of a sample. Because ultrasonic energy requires continuity of materials to propagate, internal defects such as voids, inclusions, delaminations, and cracks interfere...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... and time-consuming. The development of solvent-free edge-retentive coatings allows for not only achieving high film build on sharp corners and edges but also the minimization of coating shrinkage during cure. The target DFT on sharp edges for edge-retentive epoxy coatings is 70% of the DFT on the flat...
Book Chapter

By Jeffrey R. Schaff
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003382
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... to be prone to delamination. These elements include free edges, termination of plies in taper regions, radius of stiffeners or channel sections, closeout regions of sandwich structures, and skin-stiffener attachments. Either by testing or analysis, the elements of Fig. 7 must be designed to limit...
Book Chapter

By R. Ahmed
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... alternating stress field within the rolling-contact bodies, which eventually leads to material removal. The mechanism of RCF thus differs from the delamination theory of wear ( Ref 1 , 2 ), which also relies on cyclic loading but in sliding conditions and at asperity level. The alternating stress field...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006878
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... of transverse tension failure. These cracks generally develop at the free edges and spread outward to the interface with the load-bearing plies ( Ref 20 ). Fig. 6 Tension failure of cross-ply carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic laminate. Original magnification: 50×. Source: Ref 5 ; original from Ref 22...