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free-edge delamination

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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003378
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... of temperature and moisture through the thickness of a laminate. Stresses caused due to mechanical loads, temperature, and moisture on the laminate are analyzed. The article concludes with information on interlaminar cracking, free-edge delamination, and transverse cracks of laminates. unidirectional...
Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 4 Delamination in [0°/±45°/90°] graphite-epoxy subjected to static loading. (a) Micrograph of a free edge. 35×. (b) An x-ray of the width. 0.2× More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003380
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... are the material and structural discontinuities that give rise to interlaminar stresses ( Fig. 1 ). Delaminations occur at stress-free edges due to a mismatch in properties of the individual layers, at ply drops (both internal and external) where thickness must be reduced, and at regions subjected to out-of-plane...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003424
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... delaminations. Tool wear in all of these operations will cause delaminations and costly rework. Therefore, a thorough knowledge of the process and predictable tool life is extremely important to the end user. Ideally the surface produced by milling, routing, drilling, or countersink should be free...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003387
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... be cognizant of cases where primary loads in the plane of the laminate induce secondary loads that act in the through-thickness direction. Such cases include free-edge stresses in cross-plied laminates under axial loads, radial stresses in curved laminates subject to tangential loads and bending moments...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
..., in cross-ply laminates such as (0°/90°) s . Delamination In composite laminates, free-edge delamination under in-plane axial loading is caused by interlaminar stresses that are highly localized around the free edge ( Ref 8 ). The nature of interlaminar stresses with regard to their magnitude...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... In the annealed (recrystallized) condition and in the ductile range, refractory metals behave much like low-carbon or interstitial-free steels. For example, recrystallized tungsten, although brittle at low temperature, has 35% uniform elongation and 50% total elongation at 400 °C (750 °F). Cold working...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003426
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
.../epoxy structure, the countersink cutters usually have straight flutes similar to those used on metals. For aramid fiber/epoxy composites, testing has shown that a countersink that incorporates S-shaped positive rake cutting flutes produces a fuzz-free countersink edge. If straight- fluted countersink...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... cutting flutes produces a fuzz-free countersink edge. This configuration is shown in Fig. 12 . Fig. 12 Optimal countersink drill for aramid composites Laser Cutting Focused laser beams are used to cut a wide range of composite substrates. While most laser cutting has been performed...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... to be distinguished from the original composite specimen and helps to highlight damage features. The best method for creating an artifact-free specimen is to first impregnate the strike area under vacuum using an epoxy casting resin, followed by the application of pressure during the cure. This encapsulated area...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001813
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... or no consequence. More rigorous applications are likely to require springs with defect-free surfaces. Such surfaces can be obtained by conditioning of billets or even by grinding of the wire or strip stock from which the springs are formed. These practices, however, significantly increase cost and decrease...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... to human health, both physically and chemically. Free-floating composite fibers are not seen as a particular carcinogenic concern (as opposed to asbestos) due to their fiber diameter to length ratio. However, workers should avoid breathing them. The microfibrils of aramid fibers are an unresolved concern...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006444
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... be approximated as a free-boundary condition. Currently, there is no single accepted procedure for verifying vibration amplitude, coverage, and consistency. However, some useful general principles include: Minimize variability due to specimen mounting and clamping. Certain types of mounts, for example...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003330
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... the tabbed panel, again taking care to maintain alignment with the reference edge (test axis). Good quality composite specimens should be of uniform dimensions, have a precise fiber alignment, and possess high-quality finish on machined edges. There should be no evidence of delamination along machined...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006466
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... is applied to high-resolution, high-frequency ultrasonic inspection techniques that produce images of features beneath the surface of a sample. Because ultrasonic energy requires continuity of materials to propagate, internal defects such as voids, inclusions, delaminations, and cracks interfere...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003390
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... concentration profile or an average mass gain versus time curve. The free-edge delamination module calculates the strain energy release rate ( G value) for a crack extending from the free edge of a laminate. Inputs consist of a temperature change and an applied strain. Five different G values can...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003382
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... to be prone to delamination. These elements include free edges, termination of plies in taper regions, radius of stiffeners or channel sections, closeout regions of sandwich structures, and skin-stiffener attachments. Either by testing or analysis, the elements of Fig. 7 must be designed to limit...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... and time-consuming. The development of solvent-free edge-retentive coatings allows for not only achieving high film build on sharp corners and edges but also the minimization of coating shrinkage during cure. The target DFT on sharp edges for edge-retentive epoxy coatings is 70% of the DFT on the flat...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...; maximum contact stress, 2.9 GPa (420 ksi); accelerometers on the outer housing monitor failure Ref 26 (j) Rolling four-ball testing apparatus Top ball drives three lower balls in a tetragonal arrangement; lower balls free to rotate in the cup; all balls 12.5 ( 1 2 in.) diam; upper balls...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003386
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... to be crack free, no further maintenance needs to be performed until the re-inspection interval occurs. This process can be repeated until the aircraft is retired. Dealing with issues such as these is the function of the force management programs implemented for all aircraft that are designed using the damage...