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Image
Fracturing of high-strength screws ( example 1 ). (a) Two grade 8 high-stre...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 2 Fracturing of high-strength screws ( example 1 ). (a) Two grade 8 high-strength steel fasteners that failed on installation. (b) Necking and stretching between adjacent thread crests are evident on a cross section. Unetched. 8.9×
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Image
Influence of loading rate on the energy absorbed in fracturing an annealed ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 22 Influence of loading rate on the energy absorbed in fracturing an annealed ductile iron containing 2.95% Si. Testpieces were standard Charpy type with a 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) notch but were also precracked 0.76 mm (0.030 in.) by fatigue. Black circles are shear fracture; open circles
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Image
Fracturing of high-strength screws (Example 1). (a) Two grade 8 high-streng...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 2 Fracturing of high-strength screws (Example 1). (a) Two grade 8 high-strength steel fasteners that failed on installation. (b) Necking and stretching between adjacent thread crests are evident on a cross section. Unetched. Original magnification: 8.9×
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Image
Influence of loading rate on the energy absorbed in fracturing an annealed ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 August 2017
Fig. 26 Influence of loading rate on the energy absorbed in fracturing an annealed ductile iron containing 2.95% Si. Testpieces were standard Charpy type with a 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) notch but were also precracked 0.76 mm (0.030 in.) by fatigue. Black circles are shear fracture; open circles
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Image
Mechanical fracturing of the sulfide scale on the metal surface under low t...
Available to Purchase
in Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations
> Corrosion: Environments and Industries
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 20 Mechanical fracturing of the sulfide scale on the metal surface under low total acid number and high-velocity naphthenic acid corrosion conditions. Note cracks in dark iron sulfide film.
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Book Chapter
Fracture Toughness and Fracture Mechanics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003305
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract The fracture-mechanics technology has significantly improved the ability to design safe and reliable structures and identify and quantify the primary parameters that affect structural integrity of materials. This article provides a discussion on fracture toughness of notched materials...
Abstract
The fracture-mechanics technology has significantly improved the ability to design safe and reliable structures and identify and quantify the primary parameters that affect structural integrity of materials. This article provides a discussion on fracture toughness of notched materials by explaining the ductile-to-brittle fracture transition and by correlating KId, KIc, and Charpy V-notch impact energy absorptions. It highlights the effects of constraint, temperature, and loading rate on the fracture transition. The article discusses the applications of fracture mechanism in limiting of operating stresses. It describes the mechanisms, testing methods, and effecting parameters of two main categories of fracture mechanics: linear-elastic fracture mechanics and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. The article concludes with a discussion on the three major progressive stages of fatigue: crack initiation, crack growth, and fracture on the final cycle.
Book Chapter
Photography of Fractured Parts and Fracture Surfaces
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0001833
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... Abstract This article discusses the preparation of photomacrographs of fracture surfaces. It provides useful information on the equipment used, such as view cameras, 35-mm single-lens-reflex cameras, and stereomicroscopes. The article describes the role of lenses, focusing, camera magnification...
Abstract
This article discusses the preparation of photomacrographs of fracture surfaces. It provides useful information on the equipment used, such as view cameras, 35-mm single-lens-reflex cameras, and stereomicroscopes. The article describes the role of lenses, focusing, camera magnification, and selection of lens aperture in a microscopic system. It illustrates the lighting techniques employed in photography and highlights the use of different films. The article concludes with a list of auxiliary equipment used in fracture surface photography.
Book Chapter
Fracture Appearance and Mechanisms of Deformation and Fracture
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003537
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article provides an overview of fractography and explains how it is used in failure analysis. It reviews the basic types of fracture processes, namely, ductile, brittle, fatigue, and creep, principally in terms of fracture appearances, such as microstructure. The article also...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of fractography and explains how it is used in failure analysis. It reviews the basic types of fracture processes, namely, ductile, brittle, fatigue, and creep, principally in terms of fracture appearances, such as microstructure. The article also describes the general features of fatigue fractures in terms of crack initiation and fatigue crack propagation.
Book Chapter
Fracture Appearance and Mechanisms of Deformation and Fracture
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006774
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Engineering component and structure failures manifest through many mechanisms but are most often associated with fracture in one or more forms. This article introduces the subject of fractography and aspects of how it is used in failure analysis. The basic types of fracture processes...
Abstract
Engineering component and structure failures manifest through many mechanisms but are most often associated with fracture in one or more forms. This article introduces the subject of fractography and aspects of how it is used in failure analysis. The basic types of fracture processes (ductile, brittle, fatigue, and creep) are described briefly, principally in terms of fracture appearances. A description of the surface, structure, and behavior of each fracture process is also included. The article provides a framework from which a prospective analyst can begin to study the fracture of a component of interest in a failure investigation. Details on the mechanisms of deformation, brittle transgranular fracture, intergranular fracture, fatigue fracture, and environmentally affected fracture are also provided.
Book Chapter
Factors Influencing Fractures and Fracture Appearance
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006946
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... Abstract This article describes the general factors that can influence fracture appearances. The focus is on the general practical relationships of fracture appearances, with factors presented in some broad categories, including: material conditions (e.g., crystal structure and microstructure...
Abstract
This article describes the general factors that can influence fracture appearances. The focus is on the general practical relationships of fracture appearances, with factors presented in some broad categories, including: material conditions (e.g., crystal structure and microstructure); loading conditions (stress state, strain rate, and fatigue); manufacturing conditions (casting, metal-working, machining, heat treatment, etc.); and service and environmental factors (hydrogen embrittlement, stress corrosion, temperature, and corrosion fatigue).
Book Chapter
Photography of Fractured Parts and Fracture Surfaces
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006846
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... examination of fractured parts: the stereomicroscope and the single-light-path digital microscope. The common features present on fracture surfaces are each considered separately, both in their significance and as photographic challenges. The article also presents a short note on low-magnification scanning...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the following photographic equipment: point-and-shoot cameras, digital single-reflex cameras, stand-mounted digital zoom cameras, and digital microscope cameras. It presents two principal types of optical microscopes that are appropriate for visual examination of fractured parts: the stereomicroscope and the single-light-path digital microscope. The common features present on fracture surfaces are each considered separately, both in their significance and as photographic challenges. The article also presents a short note on low-magnification scanning electron microscopy and postcapture image processing.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0001831
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... Abstract This article begins with a discussion of the basic fracture modes, including dimple ruptures, cleavages, fatigue fractures, and decohesive ruptures, and of the important mechanisms involved in the fracture process. It then describes the principal effects of the external environment...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion of the basic fracture modes, including dimple ruptures, cleavages, fatigue fractures, and decohesive ruptures, and of the important mechanisms involved in the fracture process. It then describes the principal effects of the external environment that significantly affect the fracture propagation rate and fracture appearance. The external environment includes hydrogen, corrosive media, low-melting metals, state of stress, strain rate, and temperature. The mechanism of stress-corrosion cracking in metals such as steels, aluminum, brass, and titanium alloys, when exposed to a corrosive environment under stress, is also reviewed. The final section of the article describes and shows fractographs that illustrate the influence of metallurgical discontinuities such as laps, seams, cold shuts, porosity, inclusions, segregation, and unfavorable grain flow in forgings and how these discontinuities affect fracture initiation, propagation, and the features of fracture surfaces.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003540
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article briefly reviews the various metallurgical or environmental factors that cause a weakening of the grain boundaries and, in turn, influence the occurrence of intergranular (IG) fractures. It discusses the mechanisms of IG fractures, including the dimpled IG fracture, the IG...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the various metallurgical or environmental factors that cause a weakening of the grain boundaries and, in turn, influence the occurrence of intergranular (IG) fractures. It discusses the mechanisms of IG fractures, including the dimpled IG fracture, the IG brittle fracture, and the IG fatigue fracture. The article describes some typical embrittlement mechanisms that cause the IG fracture of steels.
Book Chapter
Fracture of Plastics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003541
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article reviews the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics that discriminate structural polymers from metals. It provides information on deformation, fracture, and crack propagation as well as the fractography involving the examination and interpretation of fracture...
Abstract
This article reviews the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics that discriminate structural polymers from metals. It provides information on deformation, fracture, and crack propagation as well as the fractography involving the examination and interpretation of fracture surfaces, to determine the cause of failure. The fracture modes such as ductile fractures and brittle fractures are reviewed. The article also presents a detailed account of various fracture surface features. It concludes with several cases of field failure in various polymers that illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... the cause of cracking or crack growth. This article discusses the macroscopic and microscopic basis of understanding and modeling fracture resistance of metals. It describes the four major types of failure modes in engineering alloys, namely, dimpled rupture, ductile striation formation, cleavage...
Abstract
The cracking process occurs slowly over the service life from various crack growth mechanisms such as fatigue, stress-corrosion cracking, creep, and hydrogen-induced cracking. Each of these mechanisms has certain characteristic features that are used in failure analysis to determine the cause of cracking or crack growth. This article discusses the macroscopic and microscopic basis of understanding and modeling fracture resistance of metals. It describes the four major types of failure modes in engineering alloys, namely, dimpled rupture, ductile striation formation, cleavage or quasicleavage, and intergranular failure. Certain fundamental characteristics of fracture observed in precipitation-hardening alloys, ferrous alloys, titanium alloys are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.9781627081931
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006865
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... Abstract This article reviews the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics that discriminate structural polymers from metals, including plastic deformation. It provides overviews of crack propagation and fractography. The article presents the distinction between ductile and brittle...
Abstract
This article reviews the mechanical behavior and fracture characteristics that discriminate structural polymers from metals, including plastic deformation. It provides overviews of crack propagation and fractography. The article presents the distinction between ductile and brittle fracture modes. Several case studies of field failure in various polymers are also presented to illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... Abstract As cast iron parts are extensively applied, fracture events will eventually take place. Consequently, it becomes essential to carry out failure analyses to identify the cause of fracture and to provide corrective actions that allow safe operation. This article presents a description...
Abstract
As cast iron parts are extensively applied, fracture events will eventually take place. Consequently, it becomes essential to carry out failure analyses to identify the cause of fracture and to provide corrective actions that allow safe operation. This article presents a description of the main fracture modes and their characteristic fractographic features. It discusses the four principal fracture modes: dimple rupture (or fracture), cleavage, fatigue, and intergranular fracture. The article provides information on special cases of environmentally assisted fracture. It concludes with a description of fractographic analyses for identifying the direction of propagation of a crack.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006777
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract This article briefly reviews the factors that influence the occurrence of intergranular (IG) fractures. Because the appearance of IG fractures is often very similar, the principal focus is placed on the various metallurgical or environmental factors that cause grain boundaries...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the factors that influence the occurrence of intergranular (IG) fractures. Because the appearance of IG fractures is often very similar, the principal focus is placed on the various metallurgical or environmental factors that cause grain boundaries to become the preferred path of crack growth. The article describes in more detail some typical mechanisms that cause IG fracture. It discusses the causes and effects of IG brittle cracking, dimpled IG fracture, IG fatigue, hydrogen embrittlement, and IG stress-corrosion cracking. The article presents a case history on IG fracture of steam generator tubes, where a lowering of the operating temperature was proposed to reduce failures.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006874
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... Abstract Identification of the fracture mechanism is one of the principal responsibilities of a failure analyst and is an important component of any root-cause analysis. This article explores the varied mechanisms responsible for metal fracture, particularly regarding fractography. The behavior...
Abstract
Identification of the fracture mechanism is one of the principal responsibilities of a failure analyst and is an important component of any root-cause analysis. This article explores the varied mechanisms responsible for metal fracture, particularly regarding fractography. The behavior of engineering materials at fracture is based on a large number of interrelated characteristics from the atomic level to the component level. These characteristics range from ductile to brittle at the microscale and macroscale levels. Fundamental relative ductility results from the type of electronic bonding, the crystal structure, and the broader long-range degree of order. It provides detailed discussion on ductile fracture, brittle fracture, mixed fracture, embrittlement, stress-corrosion cracking.
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