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fracture topography
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Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 7 Fracture surface topography of Fe-4Ni (at.%) fatigue cracked at 123 K with Δ K < 10 MPa m (9.1 ksi in. ). (a) Overall IG appearance at low magnification. (b) Higher-magnification SEM resolution of ductile IG fatigue striations
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003779
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... information on the macroexamination and microexamination for these alloys. It concludes with a discussion on the several metallographic techniques developed for specific purposes, such as recrystallization studies and microstructure/fracture topography correlations. alpha alloys alpha-beta alloys beta...
Abstract
This article describes the fundamentals of titanium metallographic sample preparation. Representative micrographs are presented for each class of titanium alloys, including unalloyed titanium, alpha alloys, alpha-beta alloys, and beta titanium alloys. The article provides information on the macroexamination and microexamination for these alloys. It concludes with a discussion on the several metallographic techniques developed for specific purposes, such as recrystallization studies and microstructure/fracture topography correlations.
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 67 Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) image from Ti-6Al-4V beta-annealed fatigued plate specimen. (a) SEM at the polished and etched/unetched fracture topography interface showing microstructure/fracture topography correlation. Secondary cracks are a result of intense slip bands. (b) SEM
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Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0001830
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
...Abstract Abstract The purpose of fractography is to analyze fracture features and attempt to relate the topography of the fracture surface to the causes and/or basic mechanisms of fracture. This article reviews the historical development of fractography, from the early studies of fracture...
Abstract
The purpose of fractography is to analyze fracture features and attempt to relate the topography of the fracture surface to the causes and/or basic mechanisms of fracture. This article reviews the historical development of fractography, from the early studies of fracture appearance dating back to the sixteenth century to the state-of-the-art work in electron fractography and quantitative fractography. It also describes the applications and limitations of scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 27 Measurement of the stretched zone in a fractured specimen. (a) Crack-tip blunting and the stretched zone. (b) Topography of stretched zone. Source: Ref 17
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001760
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
...Abstract Abstract X-ray topography is a technique that comprises topography and x-ray diffraction. This article provides a description of the kinematical theory and the dynamical theory of diffraction. It provides useful information on the configurations of reflection and transmission...
Abstract
X-ray topography is a technique that comprises topography and x-ray diffraction. This article provides a description of the kinematical theory and the dynamical theory of diffraction. It provides useful information on the configurations of reflection and transmission topography. The article explains various topographic methods, namely, divergent beam method, polycrystal rocking curve analysis, line broadening analysis, microbeam method, and polycrystal scattering topography, as well as their instrumentation. It also describes the applications of x-ray topography.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000623
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... fasteners titanium alloys Fig. 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106, 1107, 1108, 1109, 1110 Fatigue crack growth fracture topography in a Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si (Ti-6242, UNS R54620) forging, α + β processed prior to β heat treatment and aging. Compact tension specimen tested in air at 25 °C (75 °F). As crack...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of titanium alloys and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the fracture surface, fatigue crack growth, intergranular fracture, crack propagation, ductile overload fracture, dimpled rupture, microvoid coalescence, and quasi-cleavage fracture of these alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003527
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... employed in both the field and in the laboratory. Visual Examination Visual Observations Failure analysis is a process centered in visual examination and analysis. The details observed on a fracture surface are based on differences in fracture surface topography, reflectivity, and color...
Abstract
This article reviews photographic principles, namely, visual examination, field photographic documentation, and laboratory photographic documentation, as applied to failure analysis and the specific techniques employed in both the field and laboratory. It provides information on the photographic equipment used in failure analysis and on film and digital photography. The article describes the basics of photography and the uses of different types of lighting in photography of a fractured surface. The article also addresses the techniques involved in macrophotography and microscopic photography as well as other special techniques.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003706
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of TCF curves for various topographies. The TCF curves can be rapidly generated by closed-form methods for specific depths of an isolated pit or generated using finite-element techniques for specific surfaces under general corrosion attack. Fig. 3 A two-dimensional fracture mechanics...
Abstract
This article discusses corrosion fatigue, its effects on the damage tolerance of aircraft, and its predictive modeling. A conceptual framework is presented that incorporates two distinctive cyclic-based life-prediction philosophies and expands them both to include the time domain in order to consider the effects of corrosion. These philosophies include crack initiation used for safe-life design and crack growth used for damage tolerance. The article presents the methodology for computing the effects of real-time age degradation on an aircraft structure for two different corrosion types: crevice and pitting corrosion. It describes the rationale and techniques needed to apply the age-based structural integrity processes to in-service structures in order to realize the benefits throughout the full structural life cycle.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006644
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
...Abstract Abstract X-ray topography is the general term for a family of x-ray diffraction imaging techniques capable of providing information on the nature and distribution of imperfections. This article provides a detailed account of x-ray topography techniques, providing information...
Abstract
X-ray topography is the general term for a family of x-ray diffraction imaging techniques capable of providing information on the nature and distribution of imperfections. This article provides a detailed account of x-ray topography techniques, providing information on the historical background and development trends in x-ray diffraction topography. The discussion covers the general principles, components of systems, and applications of x-ray topography techniques, namely conventional X-ray topographic techniques and synchrotron x-ray topographic techniques.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003536
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... from nanometers to millimeters. The morphology and topography of the fracture surface are generally dictated by the material microstructure and active failure mechanisms. Therefore, quantitative characterization of the fracture surface geometry, that is, quantitative fractography, can provide useful...
Abstract
The quantitative characterization of fracture surface geometry, that is, quantitative fractography, can provide useful information regarding the microstructural features and failure mechanisms that govern material fracture. This article is devoted to the fractographic techniques that are based on fracture profilometry. This is followed by a section describing the methods based on scanning electron microscope fractography. The article also addresses procedures for three-dimensional fracture surface reconstruction. In each case, sufficient methodological details, governing equations, and practical examples are provided.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0001837
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... of the slit-island perimeters. Correlation with the fracture toughness of steels ( Ref 22 ) and brittle ceramics ( Ref 67 ) is claimed. Another method for determining the topography of an irregular surface also uses horizontal sectioning planes. The analysis, although general in nature, was proposed...
Abstract
The principal objective of quantitative fractography is to express the characteristics of features in the fracture surface in quantitative terms, such as the true area, length, size, spacing, orientation, and location. This article provides a detailed account of the development of more quantitative geometrical methods for characterizing nonplanar fracture surfaces. Prominent techniques for studying fracture surfaces are based on the projected images, stereoscopic viewing, and sectioning. The article provides information on various roughness and materials-related parameters for profiles and surfaces. The applications of quantitative fractography for striation spacings, precision matching, and crack path tortuosity are also discussed.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003463
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Analysis Visual analysis of failed polymer-matrix composites can provide a significant amount of information regarding failure cause. In particular, examination of a composite fracture can be useful in determining the crack initiation site, crack growth direction, fracture sequence, and failure mode...
Abstract
Mechanical and environmental loadings cause a variety of failure modes in composites, including matrix cracking, fiber-matrix debonding, delamination between plies, and fiber breakage. This article summarizes visual analysis and nondestructive testing methods for the failure analysis of composites. These methods include radiography, ultrasonic techniques, acoustic emission, and thermograph. The article also provides information on destructive test techniques.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003466
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... in a graphite/epoxy composite. Note fiber bundles and individual fiber pullout. 400×. Source: Ref 2 . (b) Translaminar tension failure with localized area of flat fracture. 2000×. Source: Ref 2 . (c) Radial fracture topography of an individual graphite-fiber failure under translaminar tension. 10,000×. Source...
Abstract
This article illustrates typical fractographic features for a number of different composite materials. It describes the differences in fracture characteristics due to different loading, material processing, and environmental conditions. The article presents fractographic data obtained from epoxy matrix materials. Minimal fractographic data from other brittle thermoset resin systems are also presented. The article discusses the interlaminar fracture of composites with ductile thermoplastic matrices. It also provides information on the translaminar fracture features of the composite materials.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003542
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... mm In the SEM, imaging techniques need to be matched to the specimen for best results, and stereographic pairs are extremely helpful in revealing the surface topography. With most SEMs, the fracture surfaces of ceramic specimens need to have a thin coating with a conductive material, usually...
Abstract
Fractography is the means and methods for characterizing a fractured specimen or component. This includes the examination of fracture-exposed surfaces and the interpretation of the fracture markings as well as the examination and interpretation of crack patterns. This article describes the former of these two parts of fractography. It presents the techniques of fractography and explains fracture markings using glass and ceramic examples. The article also discusses the fracture modes in ceramics and provides examples of fracture origins.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006763
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... as applied to failure analysis, both in the field and in the laboratory. Failure analysis information gathering begins with visual examination. The details observed on a fracture surface are based on fracture surface topography, repeated fracture surface features, reflectivity, and color characteristics...
Abstract
Failure analysis is an investigative process that uses visual observations of features present on a failed component fracture surface combined with component and environmental conditions to determine the root cause of a failure. The primary means of recording the conditions and features observed during a failure analysis investigation is photography. Failure analysis photographic imaging is a combination of both science and art; experience and proper imaging techniques are required to produce an accurate and meaningful fracture surface photograph. This article reviews photographic principles and techniques as applied to failure analysis, both in the field and in the laboratory. The discussion covers the processes involved in field and laboratory photographic documentations, provides a description of professional digital cameras, and gives information on photographic lighting and microscopic photography. Special techniques can be employed to deal with highly reflective conditions and are also described in this article.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.9781627081818
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000610
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... and secondary cracks. Topography is typical of an austenitic stainless steel that fractured in the corrosive body environment. SEM, 450×. Fig. 672 : One of many “mud crack” pattern areas on fracture surface. They are believed to be tenacious artifacts created by cracking of thin surface deposits of either...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of austenitic stainless steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the following: fatigue-crack fracture, rock candy fracture, cleavage fracture, brittle fracture, high-cycle fatigue fracture, fatigue striations, hydrogen-embrittlement failure, creep crack propagation, fatigue crack nucleation, intergranular creep fracture, torsional overload fracture, stress-corrosion cracking, and grain-boundary damage of these steels. The austenitic stainless steel components include spring wires, preheater-reactor slurry transfer lines and gas lines of coal-liquefaction pilot plants, oil feed tubes and suction couch rolls of paper machines, cortical screws and compression hip screws of orthopedic implants, and Jewett nails.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000616
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... sample via selective-area electropolishing technique. The nickel-base alloy was conventionally heat treated. Fig. 847 : Schematic of selective-area electropolishing. Use of method enables simultaneous study of both the fracture surface topography and the underlying microstructure. Fig. 848...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that covers nickel-base superalloys. The fractographs display the following: hydrogen-embrittlement fracture; segment of a fractured second-stage gas-turbine wheel; gas-producer turbine rotor cast; dendritic stress-rupture fracture surface; fatigue and creep fractures; simultaneous metallographic-fractographic evaluation; and effect of thermal cycling on fatigue fracture.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000613
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
...Abstract Abstract This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of tool steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue fractures...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of tool steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue fractures, tension-overload fractures, impact fractures, microstructure, quench cracking, brittle-in-service failure, hydrogen embrittlement, stress-corrosion cracking, and grain-boundary cracking of tool steel components. These components include diesel engine injector plungers, rivet-heading tools, circular saw blades, and open-header dies.