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Book Chapter
Microscale Fracture Surface Morphologies
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006843
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... of fracture surfaces are described and illustrated for the important types of fracture mechanisms. It provides a detailed discussion on environmentally assisted crack initiation and growth. environmentally assisted crack growth environmentally assisted crack initiation fatigue fracture fracture...
Abstract
This article presents the concept of fracture mechanisms in general terms in order to impart a practical understanding as well as enable readers to develop the ability to identify the basic fracture mechanisms correctly based on microscope observations. The key microscopic features of fracture surfaces are described and illustrated for the important types of fracture mechanisms. It provides a detailed discussion on environmentally assisted crack initiation and growth.
Book Chapter
Imaging Methods for Fracture Surface Observation and Interpretation
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006945
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... Abstract This article presents a basic overview of technology-driven advances in the imaging of primarily metallic fracture surfaces. It describes various types of microscopes, including scanning electron, dual-beam, ion source, and transmission electron microscopes, and their capabilities...
Abstract
This article presents a basic overview of technology-driven advances in the imaging of primarily metallic fracture surfaces. It describes various types of microscopes, including scanning electron, dual-beam, ion source, and transmission electron microscopes, and their capabilities. It also covers other useful hardware, such as computer-aided tomography (CAT) and micro-computer-aided tomography (micro-CAT) instruments. The article introduces some of the fracture image postprocessing methods and software, including image registration or alignment, focus stacking, Z-stacking, focal plane merging, and image stitching.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006845
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... Abstract Fracture surfaces can provide an important and indispensable record of many factors in simple or complex failures. Visual examination of fracture surfaces can reveal the type and direction of loading, with fracture-surface features often providing definitive evidence of torsion...
Abstract
Fracture surfaces can provide an important and indispensable record of many factors in simple or complex failures. Visual examination of fracture surfaces can reveal the type and direction of loading, with fracture-surface features often providing definitive evidence of torsion, tension, bending, and compressive loads. This article discusses tools and techniques of visual examination and characteristic features of fracture features. A brief review of ductile and brittle fracture-surface features is provided. The article also describes macroscopic features that can be used to identify fracture-initiation sites, locations of final overload, and the directions of crack propagation. In addition, the use of these features to characterize loading at the time of failure is also described.
Book Chapter
Photography of Fractured Parts and Fracture Surfaces
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0001833
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... Abstract This article discusses the preparation of photomacrographs of fracture surfaces. It provides useful information on the equipment used, such as view cameras, 35-mm single-lens-reflex cameras, and stereomicroscopes. The article describes the role of lenses, focusing, camera magnification...
Abstract
This article discusses the preparation of photomacrographs of fracture surfaces. It provides useful information on the equipment used, such as view cameras, 35-mm single-lens-reflex cameras, and stereomicroscopes. The article describes the role of lenses, focusing, camera magnification, and selection of lens aperture in a microscopic system. It illustrates the lighting techniques employed in photography and highlights the use of different films. The article concludes with a list of auxiliary equipment used in fracture surface photography.
Book Chapter
Photography of Fractured Parts and Fracture Surfaces
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006846
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... examination of fractured parts: the stereomicroscope and the single-light-path digital microscope. The common features present on fracture surfaces are each considered separately, both in their significance and as photographic challenges. The article also presents a short note on low-magnification scanning...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the following photographic equipment: point-and-shoot cameras, digital single-reflex cameras, stand-mounted digital zoom cameras, and digital microscope cameras. It presents two principal types of optical microscopes that are appropriate for visual examination of fractured parts: the stereomicroscope and the single-light-path digital microscope. The common features present on fracture surfaces are each considered separately, both in their significance and as photographic challenges. The article also presents a short note on low-magnification scanning electron microscopy and postcapture image processing.
Book Chapter
Fractal Analysis of Fracture Surfaces
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0001838
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... Abstract This article discusses the fractal characteristics of fracture surfaces as a means for describing and quantifying irregular, complex curves and surfaces of fractured materials. It describes the important relationship between the profile and surface roughness parameters that yield...
Abstract
This article discusses the fractal characteristics of fracture surfaces as a means for describing and quantifying irregular, complex curves and surfaces of fractured materials. It describes the important relationship between the profile and surface roughness parameters that yield the surface area of irregular fracture surfaces. The article reviews the experimental procedures required to obtain profiles and measurements that are made. In addition, fractal equations that linearize all the experimental data and provide constant fractal dimensions are presented in the article. Modified fractal dimensions that result from these analyses appear to possess some generality for natural irregular nonplanar surfaces and their profiles.
Book Chapter
Quantitative Fractography Applications for Fatigue Fracture Surfaces
Available to PurchaseBook: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0006848
EISBN: 978-1-62708-387-4
... Abstract Quantitative fractography (QF) is the examination and characterization of fracture surfaces of failed or broken-open components and specimens. This article provides examples of the application of QF to evaluate real-life fatigue failures and also a comprehensive guideline chart...
Abstract
Quantitative fractography (QF) is the examination and characterization of fracture surfaces of failed or broken-open components and specimens. This article provides examples of the application of QF to evaluate real-life fatigue failures and also a comprehensive guideline chart for detecting and measuring fatigue striations and progression markings, with examples.
Image
A fracture surface created by fatigue. A fatigue fracture surface consists ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 40 A fracture surface created by fatigue. A fatigue fracture surface consists of 3 zones. The initiation zone is often black in steels due to oxidation and may be associated with ratchet marks. The fatigue region often shows beach marks. The overload region is rougher than the fatigue
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Image
Fracture surface created by fatigue. A fatigue fracture surface consists of...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 41 Fracture surface created by fatigue. A fatigue fracture surface consists of three zones. The initiation zone is often black in steels due to oxidation and may be associated with ratchet marks. The fatigue region often shows beach marks. The overload region is rougher than the fatigue
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Image
Fracture surface of a tensile specimen. The fracture surface exhibits a tex...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 11 Fracture surface of a tensile specimen. The fracture surface exhibits a texture that is consistent with macroscale brittle fracture in tensile loading. A light ring is visible around the outside circumference. A faint radial pattern is visible from approximately 11 to 4 o’clock
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Image
Fracture profiles. (a) Fracture profile generated from the fracture surface...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 2 Fracture profiles. (a) Fracture profile generated from the fracture surface of a metal-matrix composite containing alumina fibers distributed in the matrix of an aluminum alloy. (b) Fracture profile generated from the fracture surface of a tensile test specimen of low-alloy steel. (c
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Image
Fracture surface regions in cylindrical tension-test specimens. (a) Surface...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 18 Fracture surface regions in cylindrical tension-test specimens. (a) Surface from cone portion of fractured unnotched tensile specimen. (b) Surface of fractured notched specimen. Unlike the fracture surface for an unnotched specimen, the fracture surface for the notched specimen (b
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Image
Surface oxides on a fracture surface from a specimen of the steel identifie...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1996
Fig. 16 Surface oxides on a fracture surface from a specimen of the steel identified in Fig. 15 . Source: Ref 51
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Image
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 63 The line spall fracture surface beneath the unspalled roll surface (see Fig. 61 and 62 ), revealed by sectioning and fracturing. The smooth, white fracture region formed when the spall was opened. The arrow at the top indicates the origin, shown at the right at higher magnification
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Image
The external surface (top) and the corrosion-fatigue fracture surface (bott...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 1089 The external surface (top) and the corrosion-fatigue fracture surface (bottom) of a solution-treated and peak-aged Al-5.6Zn-1.9Mg sample tested in high-purity deaerated water. SEM, 100× (R.E. Ricker, University of Notre Dame, and D.J. Duquette, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute)
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Image
The external surface (top) and the corrosion-fatigue fracture surface (bott...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 1090 The external surface (top) and the corrosion-fatigue fracture surface (bottom) of a solution-treated and peak-aged Al-5.6Zn-1.9Mg sample tested in deaerated 0.5 mol NaCl at a cathodic potential of −1.6 V (SCE). Compare with Fig. 1089 , 1093 , and 1095 . SEM, 100× (R.E. Ricker
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Image
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 778 SEM view of the fracture surface in Fig. 777 . This surface seems to be generally dimpled, but at this relatively low magnification the features that appear to be dimples are not adequately resolved. See also Fig. 779 , an enlarged view of area in rectangle. 100×
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Image
Change in surface roughness due to crack propagation. Fracture surface roug...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 3 Change in surface roughness due to crack propagation. Fracture surface roughness increases with distance of propagation, crack propagation rate, and decreased strength level. This component failed in fatigue. Crack initiation was on a longitudinal plane visible at the top in a surface
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Image
Change in surface roughness due to crack propagation. Fracture surface roug...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 4 Change in surface roughness due to crack propagation. Fracture surface roughness increases with distance of propagation, crack propagation rate, and decreased strength level. This component failed in fatigue. Crack initiation was on a longitudinal plane visible at the top in a surface
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Image
Percussion cone. Original surface is at left; fracture surface is at right....
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 1995
Fig. 13 Percussion cone. Original surface is at left; fracture surface is at right. The twist hackle seen at two locations shows that the main fracture started from the base of the cone. SEM
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