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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005182
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
...Abstract Abstract This article describes strain analysis techniques for troubleshooting formability and process discrepancies throughout a tooling development and production stamping cycle. The techniques include strain calculations of a flat blank, forming limit curve, and forming limit...
Abstract
This article describes strain analysis techniques for troubleshooting formability and process discrepancies throughout a tooling development and production stamping cycle. The techniques include strain calculations of a flat blank, forming limit curve, and forming limit diagram. The article describes the types of strain analysis, namely, thinning strain analysis and circle grid strain analysis. It also provides information on the applications of the thinning strain analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
...Abstract Abstract Sheet metal forming operations are so diverse in type, extent, and rate that no single test provides an accurate indication of the formability of a material in all situations. This article presents an overview of types of forming, formability problems, and principal methods...
Abstract
Sheet metal forming operations are so diverse in type, extent, and rate that no single test provides an accurate indication of the formability of a material in all situations. This article presents an overview of types of forming, formability problems, and principal methods of measuring deformation. It reviews the effect of materials properties and temperature on formability. The article provides a detailed discussion on the two major categories of formability tests such as the intrinsic test, including uniaxial tension testing, plane-strain tension testing, biaxial stretch testing, and simulative tests such as bending tests, stretching tests, the Ohio State University test, the drawing test, and stretch-drawing tests. It extends the correlation between simulative tests and materials properties using forming limit diagrams and circle grid analysis, and discusses the improvements to the forming limit diagram technology.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001032
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
...Abstract Abstract This article discusses the bulk formability or workability of steels. It describes their formability characteristics and presents procedures for various formability tests used for carbon and alloy steels. Tests for bulk formability can be divided into two main categories...
Abstract
This article discusses the bulk formability or workability of steels. It describes their formability characteristics and presents procedures for various formability tests used for carbon and alloy steels. Tests for bulk formability can be divided into two main categories: primary tests and specialized tests. The article compares the processing of microalloyed plate and bar products. The article focuses on the use of torsion testing to evaluate the forgeability of carbon and alloy steels and presents information on measuring flow stress. The article discusses the metallurgy and thermomechanical processing of high-strength low-alloy (microalloyed) steels and the various parts of the rolling operation. The article summarizes some of the common tests for determining formability in open-die and closed-die forgings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
...Abstract Abstract Steel sheet is widely used for industrial and consumer products, partly because it is relatively strong, easily joined, and readily available at moderate cost. This article discusses the mechanical properties and formability of steel sheet, the use of circle grid analysis...
Abstract
Steel sheet is widely used for industrial and consumer products, partly because it is relatively strong, easily joined, and readily available at moderate cost. This article discusses the mechanical properties and formability of steel sheet, the use of circle grid analysis to identify the properties of complicated shapes, and various simulative forming tests. The mechanical properties of steel sheet that influence its forming characteristics, either directly or indirectly, can be measured by uniaxial tension testing. The article covers the effects of steel composition, steelmaking practices, and metallic coatings, as well as the correlation between microstructure and formability. A guide to the selection of steel sheet is also included. The formability of steel sheet is related to various microstructural features of the sheet. The article describes some of the forming characteristics of the more commonly used formable grades. It also lists the typical mechanical properties for common grades of hot-rolled and cold-rolled steel sheets.
Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 13 Bend formability of copper alloys as a function of rolling direction. Bends with the axis transverse to the rolling direction are termed good-way bends; bends with the axis parallel to the rolling direction are bad-way bends. See also Table 5 . Source: Ref 3
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 18 Change in formability as a function of the coining of alloy C17200 in (a) longitudinal and (b) transverse directions. The effect of coining is simulated by cold reduction. Original strip thickness in both cases was 0.41 mm (0.016 in.). Bend formability is measured as the ratio of bend
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 21 Formability of MgAl3Zn1 (AZ31) with dependence on temperature. RT, room temperature
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 4 Effect of temperature on the formability of Mo-0.5Ti sheet as indicated by the ratio of bend radius to sheet thickness
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 8 Yield strength and formability (in terms of tensile ductility) of conventional high-strength steels (HSS) and advanced high-strength steels (AHSS). Types of steels: BH, bake-hardening; CMn, carbon-manganese; CP, complex phase; DP, dual-phase; HSLA, high-strength, low-alloy steel; IF-HS
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 18 Dimensional relations defining six areas of formability of square or rectangular drawn shells of 1010 steel. See text for details.
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 30 Same as Fig. 29 , except annealed to increase formability, which changed the microstructure to white crystals of eutectic antimony-tin in a dark matrix of lead-rich solid solution. Nital. Original magnification 500×
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 4 Effect of forming temperature on the drop hammer formability of two titanium alloys
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Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 5 Formability limits of beaded titanium alloy panels at room temperature and at elevated temperature
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006712
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
...Abstract Abstract The automotive sheet alloy 6022 provides improved corrosion resistance, higher formability, and greater strength for dent resistance after thermal exposure compared with other automotive sheet alloys. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, processing...
Abstract
The automotive sheet alloy 6022 provides improved corrosion resistance, higher formability, and greater strength for dent resistance after thermal exposure compared with other automotive sheet alloys. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy, processing effects on mechanical properties, and fabrication characteristics of this 6xxx series alloy.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... such as the orientation of weld relative to metal movement in dies, the formability of TWB materials, die and press considerations, and specific factors for the drawing, stretching, and bending of steel tailor-welded blanks. bending drawing formability forming stretching tailor-welded blanks welding...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the forming of steel tailor-welded blanks (TWB) with a discussion on the effects of welding on forming. It presents the parameters that are monitored to control the stamping operation for tailor-welded blanks. The article discusses weld factors such as the orientation of weld relative to metal movement in dies, the formability of TWB materials, die and press considerations, and specific factors for the drawing, stretching, and bending of steel tailor-welded blanks.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
...Abstract Abstract This article describes the formability and surface contamination of the refractory metals such as niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and titanium-zirconium-molybdenum alloys. It reviews the factors that affect mechanical properties and formability during rolling and heat...
Abstract
This article describes the formability and surface contamination of the refractory metals such as niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and titanium-zirconium-molybdenum alloys. It reviews the factors that affect mechanical properties and formability during rolling and heat treatment. The effect of temperature on the formability of refractory metals is discussed. The article provides a description of the forming methods of sheet and preformed blanks using refractory metals. It also discusses the types of lubricants, including oils, soaps, waxes, silicones, graphite, and molybdenum disulphide, used in the forming of refractory metals.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005164
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
...Abstract Abstract This article provides an overview of some common sheet steel coatings available. It discusses the formability differences between coated and bare steel and provides some general guidelines on the forming of coated steels. Coated steels are classified according to the nature...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of some common sheet steel coatings available. It discusses the formability differences between coated and bare steel and provides some general guidelines on the forming of coated steels. Coated steels are classified according to the nature of the substrate, the type of coating, and the method used for its application. The article describes various coating types for steels such as zinc-coated steels, aluminum-coated steels, tin-coated steels, terne-coated steels, and organic-coated steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003180
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...Abstract Abstract Characteristics of stainless steel that affect its formability include yield strength, tensile strength, and ductility, in addition to the effect of work hardening on these properties. This article discusses the forming process of stainless steel, heat-resistant alloys...
Abstract
Characteristics of stainless steel that affect its formability include yield strength, tensile strength, and ductility, in addition to the effect of work hardening on these properties. This article discusses the forming process of stainless steel, heat-resistant alloys and refractory metals, detailing the major aspects of forming, including formability, lubrication, and forming methods and tools. The effect of factors such as alloy condition, cold reduction, forming direction (in the case of heat-resistant alloys) and temperature (in the case of refractory metals) on formability is also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006527
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
...Abstract Abstract Aluminum and its alloys are among the more formable materials of commonly fabricated metals. This article discusses the formability, bendability, and springback of aluminum and its alloys. It describes the forming limit diagrams that illustrate the biaxial combinations...
Abstract
Aluminum and its alloys are among the more formable materials of commonly fabricated metals. This article discusses the formability, bendability, and springback of aluminum and its alloys. It describes the forming limit diagrams that illustrate the biaxial combinations of strain that can occur without splitting. The article reviews various bending methods, such as draw, compression, ram and press, roll, and stretch or tension bending. It describes the process variations of incremental sheet forming (ISF), such as single-point incremental forming, two-point incremental forming, and kinematic incremental sheet forming. The article concludes with a discussion on spinning, warm forming, and superplastic forming.