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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003097
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Forging is the process of working hot metal between dies, usually under successive blows and sometimes by continuous squeezing. This article describes the material selection criteria, quality assurance tests for forged components, and the dimensional tolerances of closed-die steel...
Abstract
Forging is the process of working hot metal between dies, usually under successive blows and sometimes by continuous squeezing. This article describes the material selection criteria, quality assurance tests for forged components, and the dimensional tolerances of closed-die steel forgings. It provides an overview of the mechanical properties of wrought materials. The article also includes information on the fundamentals of hammer and press forgings and the design of hot upset forgings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001022
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... particles in the steel matrix. This article summarizes the metallurgical effects of vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, and titanium. The metallurgical fundamentals were first applied to forgings in the early 1970s. The ultimate strength of first- and second-generation microalloy steels is adequate for many...
Abstract
Two high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) families, acicular-ferrite steels and pearlite-reduced steels, contain microalloying additions of vanadium and niobium. Vanadium, niobium, and titanium combine preferentially with carbon and/or nitrogen to form a fine dispersion of precipitated particles in the steel matrix. This article summarizes the metallurgical effects of vanadium, niobium, molybdenum, and titanium. The metallurgical fundamentals were first applied to forgings in the early 1970s. The ultimate strength of first- and second-generation microalloy steels is adequate for many engineering applications, but these steels do not achieve the toughness of conventional quenched and tempered alloys under normal hot-forging conditions. Third-generation microalloy steels differ from their predecessors in that they are direct quenched from the forging temperature to produce microstructures of lath martensite with uniformly distributed temper carbides. Without subsequent heat treatment, these materials achieve properties, including toughness, similar to those of standard quenched and tempered steels.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... Abstract Forgings are classified in various ways, beginning with the general classifications open die and closed die. They are also classified according to how they are made; such as hammer upset forgings, ring-rolled forgings, and multiple-ram press forgings; and in terms of the close...
Abstract
Forgings are classified in various ways, beginning with the general classifications open die and closed die. They are also classified according to how they are made; such as hammer upset forgings, ring-rolled forgings, and multiple-ram press forgings; and in terms of the close-to-finish factor or amount of stock that must be removed to satisfy the dimensional and detail requirements of the finished part. In addition to types and classifications, the article discusses critical design factors and ways to ensure that the resulting forgings measure up to metallurgical, mechanical property, and dimensional accuracy requirements. The responsibility for design verification is vested in material control, which depends on the proper application of drawings, specifications, manufacturing process controls, and quality assurance programs. The article addresses each of these areas as well as related topics; including stress-induced fatigue failure, tolerances, machining allowances; and the fundamentals of hammer and press forgings, hot upset forgings, and hot extrusion forgings.
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 2 Example of fault tree chart for forgings with dye-penetrant defects
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 3 Example of a failure mode assessment chart (for fault tree of forgings defects in Fig. 2)
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 5 Example of corrective action tree for forgings with dye-penetrant defects. LIMCA, liquid metal cleanness analyzer device
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2 Comparison of properties of steel rotor forgings made from ESR and conventionally melted ingots. (a) Impact strength of grade X22CrMoV121. (b) Fracture toughness of grade 30CrMoNiV511. Specimen orientation and location are indicated next to curves. Source: Ref 1 , 2 , 3
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 3 Designs and processes for aluminum alloy cylinder forgings. Dimensions given in inches
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 4 Two pierced and extruded seamless (flashless) forgings. Table lists mechanical properties of test coupons taken from the locations shown in the illustration. Dimensions given in inches Test Results for Main Landing Gear Cylinder, Part(a) Test specimen Tensile strength Yield
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 9 Examples of large complex forgings with straight parting lines. (a) Crown fitting. (b) Landing gear support beam. Dimensions given in inches
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 10 Sectional view of die sets designed to produce forgings with broken parting lines. Flash cavities are not shown
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 11 Die sets for producing forgings with broken parting lines. (a) Die set with counterlock. (b) Elimination of counterlock by locating a balanced pair of forgings in a single die set. Flash cavities are not shown
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 26 Hydraulic-actuator barrel forgings, showing a parting line that traverses (a) the ports and (b) a revised parting line located 90° away from the ports. See Example 4. Dimensions in figure given in inches Item Revised forging Material Type 410 stainless steel (a) Heat
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 31 Aluminum alloy adaptor hook forgings. (a) Hammer or press forging of original design. (b) Precision no-draft press forging of revised design, produced in a segmented die. See Example 9. Dimensions in figure given in inches Item Revised forging Material Aluminum alloy 7075
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 9 Aluminum alloy forgings for which the use of knockout pins was optional. (a) Vertical fin attachment with 3° draft. (b) Window frame with 1° draft. Dimensions given in inches.
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 10 Aluminum alloy forgings that incorporate design draft. (a) Pylon bulkhead forging. (b) Stabilizer support forging. Dimensions given in inches.
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 17 Wing stringer clip forgings of (a) conventional and (b) close-tolerance design. The end views shown are partial. See Example 3. Dimensions in figure given in inches. Item Close-tolerance forging Material Aluminum alloy 7075 (a) Heat treatment (temper) T6
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 22 Turbine disk forgings for aircraft engines. (a) Conventional forging with draft. (b) No-draft forging. See Example 8. Dimensions in figure given in inches. Item No-draft forging Material A-286 alloy (a) (b) Forging equipment 100 MN (11,000 tonf) press Heat
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 8 Forgings that illustrate combinations of ribs and bosses. (a) Fuselage bulkhead crown fitting. (b) Rocket fuel injector dome. Dimensions given in inches
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 22 Conventional aluminum alloy wing fold rib forgings of original and revised designs, showing relocation of parting line to improve producibility. Dimensions given in inches
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