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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003514
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., selection of a probability distribution, the failure model definition, and a definition of the probability of failure. The article also explains the solution techniques for special cases and general solution techniques, such as first-second-order reliability methods, the advanced mean value method...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006803
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... definitions, how uncertainty is quantified, and input for the associated random variables, as well as the characterization of the response uncertainty. Next, it focuses on specific and generic uncertainty propagation techniques: first- and second-order reliability methods, the response surface method...
Book Chapter

By Paul S. Veers
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002369
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... reliability was the awkwardly named mean-value first-order second-moment method ( Ref 49 ). To oversimplify greatly, it assumes that everything in the world is Gaussian, uses the nice property that the sum of Gaussian distributed variables is Gaussian, and provides probabilities of failure for the standard...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002370
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... evaluation using the classical method. First and mainly, the above-described recommendations for the number of levels and specimens in the levels are high, too high in many practical cases. Too much testing time would be needed. Second, the classical way does not give a method for positioning the needed...
Book Chapter

By Charles O. Smith
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002432
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
..., such as maintenance and repair groups with their personnel. The second task, after the system and its reliability are truly understood, is to find the best way of increasing the reliability. The most important methods for doing this are: Reduce the complexity to the minimum necessary for the required...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005426
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... of an FDM. To test the accuracy of a finite-difference solution, one can refine the grid by reducing the cell size Δ x . When Δ x is reduced by a factor of 2, numerical errors will be reduced approximately by a factor of 4 when using a second-order method, but only by a factor of 2 with a first-order...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005534
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... value when there are multiple uncertain inputs and the outputs are highly nonlinear. Most probable point methods: For example, the first-order reliability and second-order reliability methods ( Ref 88 , 89 ). Functional expansion-based methods: Polynomial chaos expansions are classified here...
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003060
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... characteristics of low-strain tolerance, low fracture toughness, and considerable scatter in strength properties, that is, all manifestations of a brittle material. These characteristics dictate the need for consistent materials, flaw detection methods, and the appropriate design methodology in order to ensure...
Book Chapter

By Dana Netherton
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003504
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract Reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) is a systematic methodology for preventing failures. This article discusses the history of RCM and describes the key characteristics of an RCM process, which involves asking seven questions. The first four questions comprise a form of failure...
Book Chapter

By Dana Netherton
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006817
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... of these questions. Its approach to these questions is the result of 40 years of work in the field of physical asset management. History of Reliability-Centered Maintenance In the late 1950s, the commercial aviation industry of the United States began to put its first jet airliners, the Boeing 707...
Book Chapter

By Gary L. Doll, Paul J. Shiller
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006661
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... analysis method to interpret TPD data for first- and second-order desorption. The method calculates a shape index factor, S , from the ratio of the slopes of a TPD peak d 2 Θ / d T 2 at its inflection points ( T 1 and T 2 ), as shown in Fig. 8 , which can then be used to determine...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002444
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... method, but only by a factor of two with a first-order method. It may thus seem to be desirable to use only methods with a very high order of accuracy. In practice, however, it is difficult to define high-order methods near boundaries and often numerical solutions using high-order methods have...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006443
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... be used to ensure that the sensitivity is maintained. Consequently, there are certain requirements that reference standards must meet. First, reference standards must produce a response comparable to that produced by the smallest qualification standard flaw that is considered reliably detectable...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003640
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... developed in this study: the first described the corrosion rates of mild steel and the second the scaling tendencies of the water. These models were then validated with pilot cooling tower experiments. Example 5: Corrosivity in Complex Environments Experimental design techniques were also used...
Book Chapter

By Chung-Yeh Sa
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... window to perform forming simulations in order to impact the design decision. Therefore, the overall simulation process has been upgraded and streamlined. Quicker die run-off design and a quicker incremental solver fill the gap between die design and simulation. The objective is to create the first draft...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... for locating and sizing cracks in materials if the following considerations are followed. First, the skin depth at microwave frequencies is very small (a few micrometers), and the crack is detected most sensitively when the crack breaks through the surface. Second, when the crack is not through the surface...
Book Chapter

By Richard C. Rice
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0009212
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... is rejected when it is actually true—for example, if two means are found to be different when they really are equal—then an error of the first kind, or Type I error, has been made. If the null hypothesis is not rejected when it actually is false, then an error of the second kind, or Type II error, has been...
Book Chapter

By Mel M. Schwartz
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001344
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... of satisfactory quality and reliability. Brazing employs higher temperatures than soldering, but the fundamental concepts are similar, particularly with respect to metallurgy and surface chemistry ( Table 1 ). However, joint design, materials to be joined, filler metal and flux selection, heating methods...
Book Chapter

By Stephen F. Duffy, Lesley A. Janosik
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002476
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... with varying stress fields involves discretizing the component in order to characterize the stress field using finite element methods. Because component failure may initiate in any of the discrete elements, it is convenient to consider a component as a system and utilize system reliability theories...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., the transverse properties of unidirectional laminae are used. (Fiber crimping has no effect on these.) Tools for the analyst who does not need to know everything about composites are also addressed, because there are some well-established and reliable approximate methods that cover a great number of design...