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American Welding Society, G.R. Spies, G.C. Barnes, K.L. Brown, W. Beisner ...
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Book Chapter
Safety in Handling of Metal Powders
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006544
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
..., as well as recommendations and strategies that can be employed to both prevent and protect against damaging effects from powder exposure, fire and/or explosions, or environmental impact events. dust hazards analysis metal powder handling metal powder hazards safety METAL POWDERS can...
Abstract
During metal powder production, powder and/or dust handling, compaction, and part finishing operations, many safety and environmental risks exist. This article is a detailed account of the types of safety hazards that can exist and the issues that occur during metal powder handling, as well as recommendations and strategies that can be employed to both prevent and protect against damaging effects from powder exposure, fire and/or explosions, or environmental impact events.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003398
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... on electromagnetic interference shielding, electrostatic discharge protection, metal plating, fire resistance, and corrosion resistance on composite materials. composites composite laminates fiber-reinforced polymer wet lay-up autoclaves resin transfer molding vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding...
Abstract
This article presents the basic guidelines considered in designing a composite structure, and the basic definitions of terms that apply to composites. It describes the analysis of a composite laminate based on stress-strain relationships, stress-strain load relationships, general load displacement case, and general load case solution. Factors affecting the composite materials properties and allowables of fiber-reinforced polymers are reviewed. The article discusses the process considerations for mold design, such as master model, metal tooling, composite tooling, and tool care. It explains the resin selection in designing the composite for use in a particular application. The article illustrates the various methods that are used to process a composite component, namely, wet lay-up, autoclave, resin transfer molding, and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. It provides a discussion on electromagnetic interference shielding, electrostatic discharge protection, metal plating, fire resistance, and corrosion resistance on composite materials.
Image
A 25 cm (10 in.) diam gray cast iron pipe that failed due to graphitic corr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 42 A 25 cm (10 in.) diam gray cast iron pipe that failed due to graphitic corrosion. The pipe was part of a water supply to a fire protection system. The external surface was covered with soil and the inside surface in contact with water. The pipe had been experienced cracking and through
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Image
A 25 cm (10 in.) diameter gray cast iron pipe that failed due to graphitic ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 42 A 25 cm (10 in.) diameter gray cast iron pipe that failed due to graphitic corrosion. The pipe was part of a water supply to a fire-protection system. The external surface was covered with soil and the inside surface in contact with water. The pipe experienced cracking and through
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005635
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... and electrical safety are discussed. The article explains the use of personal protective equipment and provides information on protection against fumes, gases, and electromagnetic radiation. It concludes with a discussion on safe handling of compressed gases as well as the prevention and protection of fire...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the rules, regulations, and techniques implemented to minimize the safety hazards associated with welding, cutting, and allied processes. Safety management, protection of the work area, process-specific safety considerations, and robotic and electrical safety are discussed. The article explains the use of personal protective equipment and provides information on protection against fumes, gases, and electromagnetic radiation. It concludes with a discussion on safe handling of compressed gases as well as the prevention and protection of fire and explosion.
Book Chapter
Environmental Impact, Health, and Safety for Additive Manufacturing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006960
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
...) but worth protecting and setting as a condition to operate. Additive manufacturing (AM) shares many elements of risks that are documented and regulated by several authorities, such as those specialized in occupational health and safety and the various fire codes applicable to industries. Therefore...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the concepts of environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) risk incidents, then discusses these concepts relative to additive manufacturing (AM): the multiple intrants, process parameters, and equipment, as well as the resulting products and wastes. The article discusses additive manufacturing hazards, which are broken down into material hazards, equipment/process hazards, and facility hazards. The environmental impact of AM and the development of EH&S standards for AM also are covered in the article.
Book Chapter
Safe Practices
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... level, safety rails or lines must be provided to prevent falls as a result of restricted vision from eye protection devices. Safety lines and harnesses can be helpful to restrict workers to safe areas, and to catch them in case of a fall. Unexpected events, such as fire and explosions, do occur...
Abstract
Safety is an important consideration in all welding, cutting, and related work. This article discusses the basic elements of safety general to all welding, cutting, and related processes. It includes safety procedures common to a variety of applications. The most important component of an effective safety and health program is management support and direction. The article reviews the role of management, training, housekeeping, and public demonstrations in welding safety to minimize personal injury and property damage. It provides information on the safety measures for eye and face protection in various welding and cutting operations. Injuries and fatalities from electric shock in welding and cutting operations can occur if proper precautionary measures are not followed. The article discusses the electrical safety aspects to be considered for various welding and cutting operations.
Book Chapter
Fusible Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... alloys are used for lens blocking tube bending, for anchoring chucks and fixtures, and for mounting thin sections such as gas turbine blades for machining. The eutectic fusible alloys, which can be tailored to give a specific melting point find application in temperature control devices and in fire...
Abstract
Fusible alloys, eutectic and noneutectic, include a group of binary, ternary, quaternary, and quinary alloys containing bismuth, lead, tin, cadmium, and indium that melt at relatively low temperatures. This article describes the composition and mechanical properties of these alloys and lists the values of their composition and melting temperatures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006914
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
..., Canadian Standards Association (CSA), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), and Underwriters’ Laboratories (UL), all have standards that are used for various purposes. The federal, state, and local governments of the United States also have their own...
Abstract
A material is flammable if it is subject to easy ignition and rapidly flaming combustion. The plastics that are most widely used are the least expensive and tend to be the most flammable. This article describes the two basic approaches to improving the fire resistance of a polymeric material: modifying or substituting the basic polymer so that exposure to heat and oxygen will not produce rapid combustion, and using flame-retardant additives. It also provides an overview of the burning process and presents two flammability test methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0005650
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... and chemicals Recirculating tanks Lubricants and abrasives 6. Equipment use Sectioning Mounting Grinding and polishing Electropolishing Etching 7. Facility Facility and equipment maintenance Housecleaning Fume hood air flow Fire extinguishers and fire protection...
Abstract
This article describes the safety precautions required for using laboratory equipment. It reviews the various personal protective equipment specified on the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for laboratory chemicals and products. The article provides information on the storage and handling of etchants, solvents, acids, bases, and other chemicals. It describes the safety precautions and procedures for handling concentrated and dilute hydrofluoric acid. The article concludes with a discussion on the precautions to be followed in the event of spills and cleanup.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005717
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... Association and the National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) for rules, regulations, and guidelines on the proper and safe handling of industrial gases. ASM International and the Thermal Spray Society have published an excellent summary of the safe handling of gases specifically related to thermal spray...
Abstract
The hazards associated with thermal spray deposition processes include ultraviolet and infrared radiation; acoustical noise; and by-product production in the forms of nitrous oxides, ozone, fumes, and dust. The most important consideration in health and safety is to use the engineered controls of hazards. This article provides a brief description of the spray booth, the most commonly used engineering tool to separate the operator from the thermal spray process and confine the associated hazards. It also presents guidelines on the proper and safe handling of industrial gases and ventilation and heat exhaust. The article provides information on the personal protective equipment for eyes and skin from radiation, and ears from noise. It also discusses other potential safety hazards associated with thermal spraying, namely, magnetic fields and infrasound.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002430
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
..., or maintained by persons skilled in those particular trades. Safety Codes Safety codes, on the other hand, treat only the safety aspects of a particular entity. The Life Safety Code, published by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) as their Standard No. 101, sets forth detailed requirements...
Abstract
This article discusses the need, purposes, and objectives of codes and standards. It describes several types of codes, such as safety and trade codes, and the different types of standards, namely, industry consensus standards, product definition standards, and commercial standards. The article provides information on organizations that prepare codes and standards. It tabulates sponsoring organizations for the standards published by the American National Standards Institute and concludes with a discussion on a designer's responsibilities.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... or constantly water soaked. A common practice in chemical plants is to turn on the fire protection water systems on a regular basis. This deluges the equipment with water. Some seacoast locations use seawater for the fire protection water. Hot food-processing equipment is regularly washed with tap water, which...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on the corrosion of steel and stainless steel under insulation. Stress corrosion cracking mechanism, types of alloys susceptible to corrosion, factors influencing corrosion, and corrosion prevention methods, are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003610
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... been successfully used and could be considered where hydrogen generation is not permitted. Ammonia- based systems have also been used for refractory metal pipework where hydrogen generation was prohibited. References 13 , 14 , and 15 contain more detailed information. Fire Protection and First...
Abstract
This article provides information on the liquid lithium systems that are exposed to liquid metal. It discusses the forms in which liquid-metal corrosion is manifested. The influence of several key factors on the corrosion of metals and alloys by liquid-metal systems or liquid-vapor metal coolants is described. Some information on safety precautions for handling liquid metals, operating circulating systems, dealing with fire and spillage, and cleaning contaminated components, are also provided.
Book Chapter
Porcelain Enameling
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... the iron oxide formed during firing exceeds the amount of iron oxide that is soluble in the coating. The tight, matte-finish layer that results is protective, but it may not meet appearance or severe corrosion requirements. Holes must be designed up to 1.5 mm ( 1 16 in.) oversize to allow...
Abstract
Porcelain enamels are glass coatings applied primarily to products or parts made of sheet steel, cast iron, and aluminum to improve appearance and to protect the metal surface. This article describes the types of porcelain enamels, and details enamel frits for these materials. It provides a list of steels suitable for porcelain enameling and discusses the most important factors considered in the selection of steel for porcelain enameling. The article briefly presents the preparation methods of these materials for porcelain enameling and covers the methods, and furnaces of porcelain enameling. It examines the role of coating thickness, firing time and temperature, metal substrate, and color on the performance of enameled surfaces. The article concludes with a discussion on the properties of enameled surfaces, factors considered in process control, and test procedures for evaluating the quality of enameled surfaces.
Book Chapter
Assessment of Damage to Structures and Equipment Resulting from Explosion, Fire, and Heat Events
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006804
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... ), the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), established in 1961 by a group of fire and explosion investigation professionals, recognized the need for an organization to provide superior technical training and education. Thus, NFPA 921 ( Ref 5 ) was developed as a guide for fire and explosion investigation...
Abstract
This article addresses the effects of damage to equipment and structures due to explosions (blast), fire, and heat as well as the methodologies that are used by investigating teams to assess the damage and remaining life of the equipment. It discusses the steps involved in preliminary data collection and preparation. Before discussing the identification, evaluation, and use of explosion damage indicators, the article describes some of the more common events that are considered in incident investigations. The range of scenarios that can occur during explosions and the characteristics of each are also covered. In addition, the article primarily discusses level 1 and level 2 of fire and heat damage assessment and provides information on level 3 assessment.
Book Chapter
Safety and Environmental Concerns in Using Sintering Atmospheres
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... ed. , National Fire Protection Association , Quincy, MA 2. McKinley W. and Nayar H.S. , Safety Considerations in Sintering Atmospheres , Prog. Powder Metall. , Vol 35 , 1979 3. Dwyer J. Jr. , Hansel J.G. , and Philips T. , Temperature Influence...
Abstract
This article discusses the requirements for safe design, installation, operation, inspection, testing, and maintenance of sintering atmosphere generators and atmosphere supply systems for both personal and environment safety. The four intrinsic dangers associated with producing and using common sintering atmosphere gases are explosion, fire, toxicity, and asphyxiation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... of corrosion-protective coatings, general corrosion-protection maintenance, and appropriate fixes and procedures that can be implemented by soldiers in-field to stop continued corrosion of armament equipment. coatings protective coatings quality control general corrosion protection maintenance...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the design, in-process, storage, and in-field problems and their considerations associated with armament corrosion with examples. Design considerations include geometry, material selection, assembly, pretreatment, coatings, and working and storage environments. In-process corrosion concerns include processing locations, in-process storage of parts, time between processing steps, and quality control of each processing step. The article also discusses the analysis of the in-field corrosion of the finished product, including physical environments, repair of corrosion-protective coatings, general corrosion-protection maintenance, and appropriate fixes and procedures that can be implemented by soldiers in-field to stop continued corrosion of armament equipment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001354
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... withstand exposure to arc radiation and better protect exposed skin surfaces. When noise has been determined to be excessive in the work area, ear protection should be used. This can also be used to prevent spatter from entering the ear. Conventional fire prevention requirements, such as removal...
Abstract
Gas-metal arc welding (GMAW) is an arc welding process that joins metals together by heating them with an electric arc that is established between a consumable electrode (wire) and a workpiece. This article discusses the advantages and limitations, operating principle, metal transfer mechanisms, and process variables of the GMAW process. The process variables include welding current, polarity, arc voltage, travel speed, electrode extension, electrode orientation, and electrode diameter. The major components of the basic equipment for a typical GMAW installation are discussed. The article also describes two consumable elements, such as electrode and shielding gas, of the GMAW process. It concludes with information on the safety aspects.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Canadian Standards Association (CSA), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), Underwriters' Laboratories (UL), and government agencies. While 43 ASTM standards, 23 UL standards, 11 NFPA standards, and many others...
Abstract
Flammability is the ability of a material to undergo easy ignition and rapid flaming combustion. This article provides information on flammability tests of polymers and codes and regulations that cite these tests. Many organizations are involved in the characterization and specification of flammability properties, resulting in several categorization strategies for flammability tests, including tests for specific fire response characteristics, research tests versus acceptance tests, tests for different levels of severity, and tests for basis of origin. The article presents an overview on the basic approaches in improving the fire resistance of polymers and the burning process (heating, decomposition, ignition, combustion, and propagation). It provides a brief description on the test methods which are classified into two types, one based on fire response characteristics and the other on particular applications of polymeric materials.
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