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Brian S. Hayes, Luther M. Gammon
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Paul E. Danielson, Richard C. Sutherlin
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Brian S. Hayes, Luther M. Gammon
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George F. Vander Voort
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Image
Comparison of three methods of final polishing commercially pure lead. (a) ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 28 Comparison of three methods of final polishing commercially pure lead. (a) Final polishing by a conventional method using fine Al 2 O 3 . Many polishing artifacts, principally in the form of polishing scratches enlarged by etching, are present. Dark grain contrast has been developed
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Image
Effect of pH of suspending liquid in the final polishing of specimens of ga...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 29 Effect of pH of suspending liquid in the final polishing of specimens of galvanized iron. (a) Using a good-quality tap water. (b) Using a buffer solution with a pH of 7. The severe etching of the coating in (a) occurred as the result of electrochemical differences between the zinc
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 7 Same as in Fig. 6 but after final polishing with the 1 μm diamond paste applied on a napless cloth. Graphite is free of any visible pullouts. As-polished. 400×
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 8 Same as in Fig. 7 but after final polishing with the 1 μm diamond suspension applied on a napped cloth. The arrows show the pulled-out graphite. As-polished. 400×
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Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 10 Same as in Fig. 9 but after final polishing with 1 μm diamond paste applied on a napless cloth. Graphite is free of any visible pullouts. As-polished. Original magnification: 400×
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Image
Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 11 Same as in Fig. 10 but after final polishing with 1 μm diamond suspension applied on a napped cloth. The arrows show the pulled-out graphite. As-polished. Original magnification: 400×
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Image
Published: 01 January 2001
Book Chapter
Mechanical Grinding and Polishing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003747
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
.... The article explains the final-polishing processes such as skid polishing, vibratory polishing methods, etch-attack and electromechanical polishing, and polishing with special abrasives. An overview of special polishing techniques for unusual materials such as very hard and very soft materials is provided...
Abstract
This article illustrates how objective experiments and comparisons can be used to develop surface preparation procedures for metallographic examination of structural features of metals. These procedures are classified as machining, grinding and abrasion, or polishing. The article describes the abrasion artifacts in austenitic steels, zinc, ferritic steels, and pearlitic steels, and other effects of abrasion damages, including flatness of abraded surfaces and embedding of abrasive. Different polishing damages, such as degradation of etching contrast and scratch traces, are reviewed. The article explains the final-polishing processes such as skid polishing, vibratory polishing methods, etch-attack and electromechanical polishing, and polishing with special abrasives. An overview of special polishing techniques for unusual materials such as very hard and very soft materials is provided. The article concludes with a discussion on semiautomatic preparation procedures, providing information on procedures based on the use of diamond abrasives charged in a carrier paste and in a suspension.
Book Chapter
Rough Grinding and Polishing of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Samples
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... grinding methods. The article summarizes the rough and final polishing steps for both hand and automated techniques. Common artifacts that may be created during grinding and polishing steps of composite samples are reviewed. These include scratches, fiber pull-out, matrix smears, streaks, erosion...
Abstract
Rough grinding and polishing of specimens are required to prepare fiber-reinforced composite samples for optical analysis. This article discusses the consumables, process variables, and the equipment that influence the sample preparation procedure. It describes the hand and automated grinding methods. The article summarizes the rough and final polishing steps for both hand and automated techniques. Common artifacts that may be created during grinding and polishing steps of composite samples are reviewed. These include scratches, fiber pull-out, matrix smears, streaks, erosion of different phases, and fiber and sample edge rounding and relief.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Zirconium, Hafnium, and Their Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003782
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Chemical-mechanical polishing, also known as “attack” polishing, can be used in both the rough and final preparation stages. It is important in the attack-polishing method that the sample is abraded and etched simultaneously. This will result in a true, undisturbed structure and prevent smeared metal from...
Abstract
Zirconium, hafnium, and their alloys are reactive metals used in a variety of nuclear and chemical processing applications. This article describes various specimen preparation procedures for these materials, including sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. It reviews some examples of the microstructure and examination for zircaloy alloys, hafnium, zirconium, and bimetallic forms.
Image
Photograph of a vibratory polisher. This type of equipment provides the bes...
Available to Purchase
in Rough Grinding and Polishing of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Samples[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 18 Photograph of a vibratory polisher. This type of equipment provides the best final polish.
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Preparation steps for the development of a manual polishing mount. (a) Back...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2001
Image
Preparation steps for the development of a manual polishing mount. (a) Back...
Available to Purchase
in Sample Preparation and Mounting for Fiber-Reinforced Composites[1]
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Book Chapter
Special Sample Preparation and Polishing for Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... consist of only special mounting materials or techniques, while other sample types may require completely different sample-preparation methods, from mounting to final polishing. Most of the special procedures that are required are due to differences in the material properties in the same sample. This may...
Abstract
This article focuses on the sample preparation methods for titanium honeycomb composites, boron fiber composites, and titanium/polymeric composite hybrids. These include mounting, sectioning, grinding, and polishing. The article also provides information on the sample preparation of unstaged and staged prepreg materials for optical analysis.
Image
Examples of artifact-free or nearly artifact-free surfaces produced by diff...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 55 Examples of artifact-free or nearly artifact-free surfaces produced by different manual final polishing methods on 30% Zn annealed brass (similar to C26000). (a) Polished manually using 0.1 μm grade polycrystalline diamond abrasive. Etched in a ferric chloride reagent. (b) Polished
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Image
Coarse lamellar alpha revealed by different etches in Ti-6Al-4V structure a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 9 Coarse lamellar alpha revealed by different etches in Ti-6Al-4V structure after beta anneal at 1040 °C (1900 °F) and furnace cooling. Preparation was four-step polishing, with final polish of 16 h on vibratory polisher and 10% alumina slurry. Slightly uncrossed polarized light
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Image
Very soft metals; commercially pure tin (hardness, 6 HV). (a) Etched in 10%...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 16 Very soft metals; commercially pure tin (hardness, 6 HV). (a) Etched in 10% ammonium persulfate solution. Bright-field illumination. (b) Not etched. Polarized light illumination. A final polishing process incorporating a component of chemical solution is needed to achieve this standard
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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003464
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... for the development of a manual polishing mount. (a) Backup sides and three specimens. (b) The mount before bonding with epoxy. (c) Mold with taped ends for retaining mounting resin and holding samples while curing. (d) Mounted specimens ready to polish. (e) Manual mount after final polish Rough Grinding...
Abstract
Microscopy is a valuable tool in materials investigations related to problem solving, failure analysis, advanced materials development, and quality control. This article describes the sample preparation techniques of composite materials. These techniques include mounting, rough grinding, and polishing. The preparation techniques of ultrathin sections are also summarized. The article explains the illumination methods used by reflected light microscopy to view a specimen. These consist of epi-bright-field illumination, epi-dark-field illumination, epi-polarized light, and epi-fluorescence. The article also provides information on transmitted light microscopy.
Book Chapter
Metallographic Technique for Nonferrous Metals and Special-Purpose Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... with still finer grits. Rough polishing follows, using a napless or low-nap cloth for relief control or a medium-nap cloth if relief is not a problem. The most commonly used abrasive for rough polishing is 6 μm diamond. Final Polishing Historically, the most commonly used final-polishing medium...
Abstract
This article describes the metallographic technique for nonferrous metals and special-purpose alloys. These include aluminum alloys, copper and copper alloys, lead and lead alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel and nickel alloys, magnetic alloys, tin and tin alloys, titanium and titanium alloys, refractory metals and alloys, zinc and zinc alloys, and wrought heat-resisting alloys. The preparation of specimens for metallographic technique includes operations such as sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching of nonferrous metals and alloys. The article contains tables that list the etchants for macroscopic examination and microscopic examination of nonferrous metals and special-purpose alloys.
Image
The various steps in preparing a polished and etched surface on a roll surf...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 10 The various steps in preparing a polished and etched surface on a roll surface. (a) Grinding an area on the roll. (b) Blow-drying the region with compressed air. (c) The polishing stage. Applying a diamond compound from an aerosol can. (d) The final polished area. (e) Reflection seen
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