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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 9 Microstructure of steel file from Alberta fur trade site showing the heterogeneous carbon distribution and nonmetallic inclusions characteristic of a cementation steel. Nital etch. Source: Ref 22
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Image
in Electronic Structure Methods Based on Density Functional Theory
> Fundamentals of Modeling for Metals Processing
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 2 Screen shot of the input file describing crystal system and atomic basis for γ′-Ni 3 Al
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Image
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 32 Visualization of the drawer assembly created from the individual parts files
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006548
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... as early as 1984, when Hull filed his famous stereolithography patent, which said, “‘Stereolithography’ is a method and apparatus for making solid objects by successively ‘printing’ thin layers of a curable material…” ( Ref 2 ). The term 3D printing was popularized by Emanuel Sachs from...
Abstract
This article presents a brief history of additive manufacturing (AM). It begins by describing additive manufacturing prehistory, dating back to 1860, which is characterized by additive part creation without the use of a computer. The article then discusses the development of additive manufacturing processes occurring in the period from 1968 to 1984 and is followed by a section on modern additive manufacturing (1981 to the late 2000s). The article concludes by providing information on the growth of additive manufacturing since 2010 and the development of standards.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001470
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., or copy drawn objects A function that changes the coordinate system, including the origin and the view point (important for the user interface, as well as for later robot guidance) Output drawing files in one of the standard vector graphics representation formats In the WELDEXCELL system...
Abstract
Efforts in improving the efficiency of automated equipment lead to combining automatic joining equipment with a modem computer technique eventually known as artificial intelligence (intelligent automation) that usually includes an off-line planning system and a real-time adaptive control system connected through a computer communications interface. This article focuses on the application of intelligent automation system to arc welding, called WELDEXCELL, and other joining processes. An outline of the interface between off-line planners and real-time control systems is also provided.
Image
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 16 Recorded signatures (without high-band-pass filter) for a weld that had two notches filed in the thicker sheet
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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003390
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... therefore provide a means for storing and reusing this data. Database implementations can range from a simple text file that can be edited by hand to a fully relational database implemented in a commercial engine such as Microsoft Jet. Even when text files are used, the program can provide a graphical means...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on the criteria for evaluating computer programs for composites structural analysis, including database capabilities, types of engineering calculations supported, interface and operating systems, and technical support. It describes the capabilities of programs, such as CompositePro, ESAComp, and V-Lab that provide a graphical interface, built-in databases, and integrated modules for the different types of analyses. The article reviews the modules of other programs used for composite analysis. The programs include ASCA, CADEC, CoDA, COMPASS, ESDU, LAP, PROMAL, and SACL. The article concludes with information on on-line programs and recourses.
Image
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 8 Task lists for three sets of customer needs (fingernail clipper example). (a) Customer needs: cuts well, easy to hold, comfortable. Flows: finger force, nail, hands. (b) Customer need: file well. Flows: nail, hand motion, roughness signal. (c) Customer need: opens and closes easily. Flows
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004024
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... ([dollar]) 100,000 300,000 120,000 75,000 60,000 Max. part size (in.) 20×20×24 15×17×18 32×22×20 24×24×24 8×10×8 Software Maestro/JR Proprietary LOMSlice Quickslice Model File formats STL STL STL STL STL, SLC Layer thickness (mm) 0.15 0.0762–0.508 0.05–0.38 0.05–0.762...
Abstract
This article describes two rapid tooling technologies, namely, direct rapid tooling and indirect rapid tooling, for forging-die applications. Commonly used direct rapid tooling technologies include selective laser sintering, three-dimensional printing, and laser-engineered net shape process. The indirect rapid tooling technologies include 3D Keltool process, hot isostatic pressing, rapid solidification process tooling, precision spray forming, and radially constricted consolidation process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005150
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... of the role of friction is needed, along with the proper techniques to apply this knowledge to the die development and simulation process. With a significant portion of the die development process occurring with the aid of computers, it is imperative that the files used are complete and that appropriate...
Abstract
This article describes grade designations of the various sheet steels used for draw forming. It discusses the specifications associated with most sheet draw forming materials. The article examines the behavior of stress- and strain-based forming limit curve (FLC). It provides a discussion on three separate frictional conditions acting in a draw die. The frictional conditions include the metal passing through a draw bead, the metal clamped in the binder, and the metal sliding across a die radius. The article also explains the basic steps in the vehicle development process. The steps involved in the thought process of direct engineering for formability are also explained. The article places considerable emphasis on the need for the designer to clearly define the die/tooling faces in the computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system before the data are passed on to the construction functions.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005535
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
..., and louvers Assemblies When the aforementioned techniques are used to create individual components, they can be assembled. Typically, a simple assembly is a number of separate part files with separate models in each that are being “collected” by one assembly part file. For example, the assembly...
Abstract
Solid modeling is the act of creating the three-dimensional models of various components and system using a computer-aided design (CAD) tool. This article describes the fundamental approaches of solid modeling, such as manufacturing operation simulation, parametric approach, and reference entities. It discusses the application of solid modeling systems to create expressions or variables and various surfaces for components. The use of high-end CAD systems to afford a number of sheet metal functions is reviewed. The article explains the explicit-parametric modeling and model verification for the solid modeling. It provides information on the application of solid modeling in associativity and concurrent engineering, product lifecycle management, and collaborative engineering.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003757
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... on the application of image processing and analysis to materials characterization. adaptive segmentation contour-based segmentation digital files digital imaging image acquisition image analysis image processing image representation image segmentation light microscopy material characterization...
Abstract
This article reviews the main theoretical and practical aspects of sequence normally followed in digital image-acquisition, processing, analysis, and output for material characterization. It discusses the main methods of digital imaging, image processing, and analysis, as applied to microscopy of materials. The article describes the basic concepts of sampling and resolution and quantization of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It discusses the acquisition of a digital image that accurately represents the sample under observation and output of the image to a printer. The methods used to enhance the digital image and to extract quantitative information are also described. Different types of image segmentation, namely, adaptive segmentation and contour-based segmentation, are reviewed. The article also presents case studies on the application of image processing and analysis to materials characterization.
Image
Published: 01 January 1993
with a wire brush or a rotary file, power supply was a 300 A transformer with high-frequency (balanced wave) stabilizer, and electrode holder was a 300 A water-cooled type. (b) Helium at 0.23 m 3 /h (8 ft 3 /h) was used for backing. (c) Not including time for postweld heat treatment
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006851
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
..., as such high megapixel files may require high-capacity onboard and permanent storage media. Therefore, the failure analyst should weigh the benefits of resolution versus the potential limitation associated with file storage. Professional Digital Cameras Camera Bodies Professional digital cameras...
Abstract
Failure analysis is an investigative process in which the visual observations of features present on a failed component and the surrounding environment are essential in determining the root cause of a failure. This article reviews the basic photographic principles and techniques that are applied to failure analysis, both in the field and in the laboratory. It discusses the processes involved in visual examination, field photographic documentation, and laboratory photographic documentation of failed components. The article describes the operating principles of each part of a professional digital camera. It covers basic photographic principles and manipulation of settings that assist in producing high-quality images. The need for accurate photographic documentation in failure analysis is also presented.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... technology. In this approach, the parts produced and their associated machining fixtures are grouped into families according to their manufacturing characteristics. For each part family, a standard process plan is established. The standard process plan is stored in computer files and retrieved for new...
Abstract
This article describes the basic functions that should be included when considering the relationship of computer-aided design (CAD)/computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) and machining. These include design, analysis, drafting, process planning, part programming, program verification, part machining, and inspection. The article provides information on hardware, data base, interfaces, and benefits of integrating machining with the CAD/CAM system of a manufacturing plant. It also provides an overview of direct, computer and, distributed numerical control, which are devoid of a number of problems inherent in conventional numerical control.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001757
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
...-purpose, routine identification of phases. The identification of phases using powder techniques is based on a comparison of the unknown pattern with a file of powder diffraction standards collected and maintained by the JCPDS. The data in this file come from many sources and may vary over considerable...
Abstract
X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) techniques are used to characterize samples in the form of loose powders or aggregates of finely divided material that readily diffract x-rays in specified patterns. This article provides an introduction to XRPD, beginning with a review of sensing devices, including pinhole/Laue cameras, Debye-Scherrer/Gandolfi cameras, Guinier cameras, glancing angle cameras, conventional diffractometers, thin film diffractometers, Guinier diffractometers, and micro diffractometers. The article then describes several quantitative measurement methods, such as lattice parameter, absorption diffraction, spiking, and direct comparison, explaining where each may be used. It also identifies potential sources of error in XRPD measurements.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003527
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of light-sensitive elements similar to the silver halide crystals in a film emulsion. The captured image is stored in a removable media that is subsequently used to transfer the image file to a computer or printer for printing. Digital photography provides immediate availability of images viewable...
Abstract
This article reviews photographic principles, namely, visual examination, field photographic documentation, and laboratory photographic documentation, as applied to failure analysis and the specific techniques employed in both the field and laboratory. It provides information on the photographic equipment used in failure analysis and on film and digital photography. The article describes the basics of photography and the uses of different types of lighting in photography of a fractured surface. The article also addresses the techniques involved in macrophotography and microscopic photography as well as other special techniques.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003275
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... requirements must be met in order to obtain accurate, consistent readings. An excessively coarse surface finish will yield erratic readings; when necessary, the surface of the workpiece should be filed, machined, ground, or polished. Care should be taken to avoid overheating or excessively cold working...
Abstract
Miscellaneous hardness tests encompass a number of test methods that have been developed for specific applications. These include dynamic, or "rebound," hardness tests using a Leeb tester or a Scleroscope; static indentation tests on rubber or plastic products using the durometer or IRHD testers; scratch hardness tests; and ultrasonic microindentation testing. This article reviews the procedures, equipment, and applications associated with these alternate hardness test methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006763
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... from 20 to 50 mp, and high-end medium-format camera backs can have sensors up to 150 mp. The three primary digital camera file formats used in failure analysis photography are RAW, TIFF, and JPEG file structures: The RAW file format is uncompressed and uncorrected and provides maximum...
Abstract
Failure analysis is an investigative process that uses visual observations of features present on a failed component fracture surface combined with component and environmental conditions to determine the root cause of a failure. The primary means of recording the conditions and features observed during a failure analysis investigation is photography. Failure analysis photographic imaging is a combination of both science and art; experience and proper imaging techniques are required to produce an accurate and meaningful fracture surface photograph. This article reviews photographic principles and techniques as applied to failure analysis, both in the field and in the laboratory. The discussion covers the processes involved in field and laboratory photographic documentations, provides a description of professional digital cameras, and gives information on photographic lighting and microscopic photography. Special techniques can be employed to deal with highly reflective conditions and are also described in this article.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... with the mass of product from the reactor. The metal powder was washed repeatedly to remove as much residual salt as possible ( Ref 17 ). Proof-of-concept experimental work has been completed and preliminary ts filed. Pure titanium in sponge form is planned as the product. Preliminary cost estimates...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the conventional technologies used for titanium powder production. It focuses on the various processes for titanium powder production, namely, Hunter, Kroll, Armstrong, MER, TIRO, FFC-Cambridge, Chinuka, and CSIR processes. Employment of titanium powder significantly improves the synthesis of titanium and its alloys.