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fiber-reinforced composite stress-strain relationship
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Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing of Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003044
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... environmental exposures fiber-reinforced composite stress-strain relationship flexural test mechanical testing shear test tensile test laminate TENSILE DATA generated in accordance with ASTM D 3039 for polymer-matrix composites and D 3552 for metal-matrix composites are based on coupon-level testing...
Abstract
Testing of fiber-reinforced composite materials is performed to determine uniaxial tensile strength, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio relative to principal material directions, that helps in the prediction of the properties of laminates. Beginning with an overview of the fundamentals of tensile testing of fiber-reinforced composites, this article describes environmental exposures that often occur during specimen preparation and testing. These include exposures during specimen preparation, and planned exposure such as moisture, damage (impact), and thermal cycling techniques. The article also discusses the test procedures, recommended configurations, test specimen considerations, and safety requirements considered in the four major types of mechanical testing of polymer-matrix composites: tensile test, compression test, flexural test, and shear test.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003398
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...) supported by a binder (matrix) material. Figure 1 shows a generalized diagram to illustrate the stress-strain relationship in a typical composite. Composite laminates can fail suddenly when the fibers break, unlike most metals, which have a plastic deformation region beyond the straight line “Hooke's...
Abstract
This article presents the basic guidelines considered in designing a composite structure, and the basic definitions of terms that apply to composites. It describes the analysis of a composite laminate based on stress-strain relationships, stress-strain load relationships, general load displacement case, and general load case solution. Factors affecting the composite materials properties and allowables of fiber-reinforced polymers are reviewed. The article discusses the process considerations for mold design, such as master model, metal tooling, composite tooling, and tool care. It explains the resin selection in designing the composite for use in a particular application. The article illustrates the various methods that are used to process a composite component, namely, wet lay-up, autoclave, resin transfer molding, and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. It provides a discussion on electromagnetic interference shielding, electrostatic discharge protection, metal plating, fire resistance, and corrosion resistance on composite materials.
Book Chapter
Damping Properties
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... much by the fiber volume fraction. This relationship is shown in Fig. 3 for a typical carbon-fiber- reinforced composite, along with an alternative solution proposed by R.D. Adams and D.G.C. Bacon ( Ref 2 ). To allow a comparison of these predictions with the variety of experimental data, the damping...
Abstract
Damping is the energy dissipation properties of a material or system under cyclic stress. The vibrational and damping characteristics of composites are important in many applications, including ground-based and airborne vehicles, space structures, and sporting goods. This article describes the damping characteristics of unidirectional composites, when they are subjected to longitudinal shear, longitudinal tension/compression, and transverse tension/compression. It presents equations that govern the overall damping capacity of beams that are cut from laminated plates. The article discusses the effect of temperature on damping and provides information on the relationship between damping and strength.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003374
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... form (e.g., fiber, powder, etc.). This superior constituent is usually the reinforcement, while the other constituent (the matrix) serves as the medium in which the reinforcement is dispersed and serves to transmit external loads from reinforcing fiber to fiber. The resultant composite is a material...
Abstract
Fiber-matrix adhesion is a variable to be optimized in order to get the best properties and performance in composite materials. This article schematically illustrates fiber matrix interphase for composite materials. It discusses thermodynamics of interphase in terms of surface energy, contact angle, work of adhesion, solid surface energy, and wetting and wicking. The article describes the change in interphase depending on the reinforcing fiber such as glass fiber, polymeric fiber, and carbon fiber. It emphasizes fiber-matrix adhesion measurements by direct methods, indirect methods, and composite laminate tests. The effects of interphase and fiber-matrix adhesion on composite mechanical properties, such as composite on-axis properties, composite off-axis properties, and composite fracture properties, are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Ceramic-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... interface, crack deflection, fiber bridging, and fiber pullout. These toughening mechanisms can lead to damage-tolerant behavior, as shown in Fig. 1 . Fig. 1 Stress-strain behavior of reinforced and unreinforced ceramics. Fiber reinforcement of ceramic composites avoids the brittle catastrophic...
Abstract
Ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) are being developed for a number of high-temperature and high-performance applications in industrial, aerospace, and energy conservation sectors. This article focuses on processing, fabrication, testing, and characterization methods of CMCs, namely, discontinuously reinforced composites and continuous-fiber-reinforced composites. Processing methods include cold pressing, sintering, hot pressing, reaction bonding, melt infiltration, directed metal oxidation, sol-gel and polymer pyrolysis, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis and joining. A table summarizes the properties of various ceramic reinforcements and industrial applications of these composites.
Book Chapter
Micromechanics
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003377
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... of all these phenomena increases with rise in temperature. The effects described are of considerable engineering importance for fiber-reinforced composite structures, because stresses and deformations determined on the basis of elastic analysis may change considerably with time because of polymeric...
Abstract
A unidirectional fiber composite (UDC) consists of aligned continuous fibers that are embedded in a matrix. This article describes a variety of analytical methods that are used to determine the various physical properties of the UDC. These properties include elasticity, thermal expansion coefficients, moisture swelling coefficients, static and dynamic viscoelastic properties, conductivity, and moisture diffusivity.
Book Chapter
Fatigue of Composite Laminates
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... only on the measured 0° fiber stress range. Fig. 21 0° fiber stress range versus number of cycles to failure at 650°C and room temperature. Source: Ref 36 Figure 22 compares the maximum strain versus cycles to failure of a unidirectional composite to the maximum strain versus cycles...
Abstract
Knowledge of fatigue behavior at the laminate level is essential for understanding the fatigue life of a laminated composite structure. This article describes fatigue failure of composite laminates in terms of layer cracking, delamination, and fiber break and interface debonding. It discusses the fatigue behavior of composite laminates in the form of a relation between applied maximum fatigue stress and fatigue life. The article explains Weibull distribution and parameters estimation for fatigue data analysis and life prediction of composite laminates. It analyzes the fatigue properties and damage tolerance of fiber-metal laminates such as ARALL and GLARE laminates. The article concludes with a discussion on the effects of fatigue on notched and unnotched specimens.
Book Chapter
Characterizing Strength from a Structural Design Perspective
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
.... The engineers stressing carbon-fiber-reinforced laminates may have a little interest, because of the difficulty of locating what to them appears to be a 45° sloping cutoff in the second and fourth quadrants of their customary maximum-strain failure model. There are very few reliable data points with which...
Abstract
This article presents a comprehendable and comprehensive physics-based approach for characterizing the strength of fiber-reinforced polymer composites. It begins with background information on the goals and attributes of this method. The article then addresses the characterization of fiber failures in laminates, because these are at the highest strengths that can be attained and, therefore, are usually the design objective. An exception would be if the design goal is to maximize energy absorption, rather than static strength. The discussion proceeds to situations in which the matrix fails first, either by intent, by design error, or because of impact damage. The state of the modeling propagation and arrest of matrix damage follows. Comparisons of this physics-based approach are then made to empirically based failure theories.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... element analysis has decreased problems with stress concentrations, but providing the ceramic material with a pseudoductile behavior would be a breakthrough. Fiber-reinforced composite materials can provide better impact resistance and a more “graceful failure,” or more yielding strain before failure...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion on fiber-reinforced composite materials and describes the generic behavior and structure/property relationships of composites. The article summarizes lamina properties and presents equations that help in the calculation of lamina properties. Composite laminates are constructed from lamina with uniaxial fiber orientation and frequently from textile fabrics as well. The article explains the characteristics of symmetric in-plane and through-thickness laminates; asymmetric in-plane and symmetric through-thickness laminates; asymmetric laminates; and curved laminates. It provides information on controlled thermal expansion composites, metal-matrix composites, and ceramic-matrix composites. The article illustrates the types of bonded joints and concludes with a discussion on design for manufacturing.
Book Chapter
Fracture Analysis of Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003400
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract One of the key attributes of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) is their ability to undergo inelastic straining upon mechanical loading. This article reviews the mechanics of inelastic deformation and fracture of CFCCs, as needed for the development of damage...
Abstract
One of the key attributes of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) is their ability to undergo inelastic straining upon mechanical loading. This article reviews the mechanics of inelastic deformation and fracture of CFCCs, as needed for the development of damage-tolerant failure prediction methodologies for use in engineering design. It outlines a general framework for the description of fracture in structural materials in the presence of notches and cracks. The article describes the common classes of fracture behavior of CFCCs and presents the constitutive laws needed to describe crack-tip inelasticity. It demonstrates the effects of inelasticity on crack-tip stress fields and addresses the environmental degradation effects on damage tolerance.
Book Chapter
Introduction to the Mechanical Behavior of Nonmetallic Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003255
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., the strengths and/or physical properties of composites are usually an average of the strengths and/or properties of the individual constituents/phases. Most composites are composed of a compliant, damage-tolerant matrix and a strong reinforcing phase/constituent, usually filaments, fibers, or whiskers...
Abstract
This article reviews the fundamental relationships between microstructure and mechanical properties for major classes of nonmetallic engineering materials: metals, ceramics and glasses, intermetallic compounds, polymers, and composites. It details the structures of inorganic crystalline solids, inorganic noncrystalline solids, and polymers. The article describes the various strengthening mechanisms of crystalline solids, namely, work hardening, solid-solution hardening, particle/precipitation hardening, and grain size hardening. Deformation and strengthening of composite materials, polymers, and glasses are reviewed. The article concludes with information on the two important aspects of the mechanical behavior of any class of engineering material: fatigue response and fracture resistance.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Testing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003330
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... concludes with a discussion on the split-Hopkinson pressure bar test. compression testing fatigue testing fiber-reinforced composites flexure testing interlaminar failure mechanical properties mechanical testing nondestructive techniques shear testing split-hopkinson pressure bar test strain...
Abstract
This article begins with a review of the purposes of mechanical characterization tests and the general considerations related to the mechanical properties of anisotropic systems, specimen fabrication, equipment and fixturing, environmental conditioning, and analysis of test results. It provides information on the specimen preparation, instrumentation, and procedures for various mechanical test methods of fiber-reinforced composites. These include the compression test, flexure test, shear test, open hole tension test, and compression after impact test. The article describes three distinct fracture modes, namely, crack opening mode, shearing mode, and tearing mode. It presents an overview of fatigue testing and fatigue damage mechanisms of composite materials and reviews the types of mechanical measurements that can be made during the course of testing to assess fatigue damage. The article concludes with a discussion on the split-Hopkinson pressure bar test.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003387
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... of strong, stiff, reinforcing fibers, such as carbon, surrounded by a relatively weak, soft matrix, such as epoxy. The mechanical properties of these plies in the direction parallel to the reinforcement are controlled by the longitudinal properties of the fiber. The mechanical properties perpendicular...
Abstract
This article discusses the methods of analyzing the directional dependence of the mechanical properties of composites, especially those perpendicular to the major plane of the laminate. It provides a description of the common indirect load cases and direct out-of-plane load cases. The article concludes with a discussion on composite materials that are reinforced in the z-direction (also known as three-dimensional, or 3-D composites).
Book Chapter
Tension and Compression Testing at Low Temperatures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
...) ceases to exist, and ductility is primarily due to localized strains. Suppression of T g helps to produce tougher polymers. The strong temperature dependence of the modulus is a distinguishing feature of polymers compared to metals or ceramics. Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are used...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the mechanical properties of metals, ceramics, and polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites at low temperatures. It reviews the factors to be considered in tensile and compression testing of these materials. The article details the equipment used for low-temperature tensile and compression tests with illustrations. It concludes with a discussion on the various test methods and their ASTM standard for compression and tension testing.
Book Chapter
Impact Response of Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009081
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... impact of the composite. Analysis Methods for Impact-Damaged Composites Upon impact, if the energy is not absorbed by the composite as elastic strain energy, then damage will occur in the composite ( Ref 7 ). Common damage observed in fiber-reinforced composites involves crack formation...
Abstract
This article describes methods for analyzing impact-damaged composites in the aircraft industry. These include C-scan and x-radiography methods and optical microscopy. The article reviews brittle-matrix composite and tough-matrix composite failures. It explains the different types of composite failure mechanisms such as thermoplastic-matrix composite failure mechanisms, untoughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, dispersed-phase and rubber-toughened thermoset-matrix composite failure mechanisms, and particle interlayer-toughened composite failure mechanisms.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006940
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
.... The cyclic stress-strain response is the response of polymers that describes their behavior once cyclic plasticity has modified the metastable behavior under fatigue deformation. Cyclic stress-strain curves for high-density polyethylene (compression molded), impact polypropylene copolymer, short-glass-fiber...
Abstract
Failure of structural polymeric materials under cyclic application of stress or strain is a subject of industrial importance. The understanding of fatigue mechanisms (damage) and the development of constitutive equations for damage evolution, leading to crack initiation and propagation as a function of loading or displacement history, represent a fundamental problem for scientists and engineers. This article describes the approaches to predict fatigue life and discusses the difference between thermal and mechanical fatigue failure of polymers.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003448
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... composites, and continuously aligned fiber reinforced MMCs. mechanical properties thermal properties discontinuously reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites laminated metallic composites continuously aligned fiber reinforced metal matrix composites METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES (MMCs...
Abstract
Metal-matrix composites (MMCs) are used in structural applications, and in applications requiring wear resistance, thermal management, and weight savings. This article summarizes the mechanical and thermal properties of discontinuously reinforced aluminum MMCs, laminated metallic composites, and continuously aligned fiber reinforced MMCs.
Book Chapter
Fatigue Properties and Quantitative Fractography of Metal-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseBook: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003468
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... initiate microcracks in the surrounding matrix. This is due to the high strain concentration produced by the intersection of microcracks in reinforcement particles with the surrounding matrix. This mechanism is most commonly observed in composites reinforced with Al 2 O 3 particles or fibers (Ref 2 , 3...
Abstract
This article describes the fatigue properties of particle-reinforced metal-matrix composites (PR-MMCs) in terms of mechanisms of crack initiation, fatigue life, and fatigue crack growth. It reviews specimen preparation and microscopic procedures that are used in fatigue testing of MMCs. It also describes the evaluation of the long fatigue crack growth behavior of MMCs by using the test methods and specimens that are used for unreinforced metallic alloys. Fractography of MMCs under plane-strain conditions is also described with information on the observed features of MMC fatigue fracture surfaces and their observation methods.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003384
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... optimized for that task, and then fill in the gaps (the basic structure) in between. This sequence is a marked departure from normal practice for conventional ductile metal alloys and is necessitated by the relative brittleness of fiber-reinforced composites. Yielding of ductile metals usually reduces...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on adhesively bonded joints and elastic-plastic mathematical model for an adhesive in shear. It discusses the design rules for thin bonded structures and reviews computer programs for the highly loaded stepped-lap joints. The article describes the two-dimensional effects associated with load redistribution around flaws and with damage tolerance. The elastic-isotropic geometric stress-concentration factors and empirically established correlation factors of mechanically fastened joints are discussed. The article provides information on the identification of optimal joint proportions for single-row joints, and the design and analysis of the stronger multirow joints, with particular regard to the bearing-bypass interaction.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003441
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... this is interesting, but such testing has not allowed prediction of composite performance. Testing the single tow or bundle allows an evaluation of the reinforcing fiber in its simplest form and is valuable in across-the-band variability studies. Because many fibers are woven into fabrics for use in composites...
Abstract
This article describes the most significant tests to characterize the properties of constituent materials. It discusses the chemical, physical, and mechanical tests for determining the properties of reinforcement fibers and fabrics. The article provides information on some of the basic materials used for thermoset and thermoplastic resin matrices. It reviews the identification of the individual characteristics of thermoset and thermoplastic resin along with the test methods normally used for their determination. The article contains a table that lists properties and tests for uncured and cured thermoset-matrix resins and prepregs.
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