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fiber pull-out
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... grinding methods. The article summarizes the rough and final polishing steps for both hand and automated techniques. Common artifacts that may be created during grinding and polishing steps of composite samples are reviewed. These include scratches, fiber pull-out, matrix smears, streaks, erosion...
Abstract
Rough grinding and polishing of specimens are required to prepare fiber-reinforced composite samples for optical analysis. This article discusses the consumables, process variables, and the equipment that influence the sample preparation procedure. It describes the hand and automated grinding methods. The article summarizes the rough and final polishing steps for both hand and automated techniques. Common artifacts that may be created during grinding and polishing steps of composite samples are reviewed. These include scratches, fiber pull-out, matrix smears, streaks, erosion of different phases, and fiber and sample edge rounding and relief.
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in Machining, Drilling, and Cutting of Polymer-Matrix Composites
> Engineered Materials Handbook Desk Edition
Published: 01 November 1995
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Published: 15 May 2022
Fig. 3 Effects of fiber, matrix, and their bonding strength and resistance of failure mechanisms. (a) Fiber bridging, (b) fiber/ matrix debonding, and (c) fiber pulling-out and fracture
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Published: 01 January 2002
in both the directions resulting in high wear. (g) PEI CF (O N ) CF tips showing less fiber damage (and hence less wear); cavities due to fiber pull out. (h) PEI G3 (O P ) excessive damage to GF in both the directions due to microcutting. Source: Ref 36
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in Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Ceramics and Glasses
> Materials Selection and Design
Published: 01 January 1997
that of the matrix alone. The crack aperture continues to be held together by fiber until fibers pull out of the matrix.
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Published: 01 January 1997
the matrix but around the fibers. Multiple cracks accumulate if the fibers bridging the cracks can sustain the load. (c) After attaining multiple matrix cracks with an equilibrium spacing, fibers fail at flaws with increasing load, and not necessarily in the bridged regions of highest stress. (d) Fibers pull
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Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 6 Fracture mirrors on pulled-out fiber fracture surfaces of Nicalon fiber reinforced SiC-matrix composites with carbide interphase. (a) 298 K. (b) 800 K. (c) 1200 K. Source: Ref 6
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Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 8 Fatigue striations in the resin beneath a carbon fiber that was pulled out of a carbon/epoxy (AS4/3501-6) laminate following mode I fatigue loading. 5000×
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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003486
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... the brittle fracture problem associated with ceramics by providing increased fracture toughness ( Fig. 16 ). The principal mechanisms that toughen CFCC components are: Deflection and bridging of cracks by the ceramic fibers Fiber pull-out from the ceramic matrix (Fiber pull-out is achieved...
Abstract
The applications of discontinuously reinforced ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs) fall into four major categories, namely, cutting tool inserts; wear-resistant parts; aerospace and military applications; and other industrial applications, including engines and energy-related applications. This article provides examples for these four categories, with an emphasis on those applications/materials that have achieved commercial viability. The applications for continuous fiber ceramic composites are also summarized.
Book Chapter
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
..., resulting in a fairly smooth fracture surface across the section. With a weak bond, the crack is more likely to lead to interfacial debonding and extensive fiber pull-out. An intermediate bond shows irregular failure surfaces with some fiber pull-out. These failure mechanisms occur under static and fatigue...
Abstract
Knowledge of fatigue behavior at the laminate level is essential for understanding the fatigue life of a laminated composite structure. This article describes fatigue failure of composite laminates in terms of layer cracking, delamination, and fiber break and interface debonding. It discusses the fatigue behavior of composite laminates in the form of a relation between applied maximum fatigue stress and fatigue life. The article explains Weibull distribution and parameters estimation for fatigue data analysis and life prediction of composite laminates. It analyzes the fatigue properties and damage tolerance of fiber-metal laminates such as ARALL and GLARE laminates. The article concludes with a discussion on the effects of fatigue on notched and unnotched specimens.
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Published: 01 November 1995
Fig. 30 Fiber pullout test. (a) Experimental setup. (b) Stress required to pull fiber out vs. embedded fiber length. Above the critical length, l c , the embedded fiber will fracture under the action of the pulling force (tensile stress). Source: Ref 129
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Published: 01 January 2002
–e) Worn surface of PEI GF+gr ( L , 112 N; V , 2.1 m/s). (b) Severe melt flow of polymer in sliding direction with maximum fibers normal to the surface, cracks generated in sliding direction, and a pulled out fiber, (c) Magnified view of pulled-out fiber from the matrix with worn elliptical
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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003469
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... that not only are long fiber lengths apparent, but also many holes are visible from which fibers have been pulled out. It is important to note that the nonlinear stress- strain behavior occurs because of debonding of the fiber/matrix interface and subsequent fiber pullout due to fracture of the interphase...
Abstract
Interpretation of failures of ceramic-matrix composites, and in particular continuous fiber reinforced ceramic-matrix composites is complicated by the complex structure of the composite material. This article describes the failure characteristics and evidence of failure mechanisms of these composites, with illustrations.
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Published: 01 January 2002
orientation showing fiber cracking (edge); (c) AF(P) showing pull-out of aramid fiber. Source: Ref 5
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Published: 01 January 2002
thinning of fibers; 3, interfacial separation of fiber and matrix; 4, fiber cracking; 5, back-transferred polymer or organic fibers (film and layered wear debris) showing delamination and cracking; 6, metallic and wear debris transferred from the counterface; 7, pulled-out or peeled-off fiber pieces
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Published: 15 May 2022
; 3, interfacial separation of fiber and matrix; 4, fiber cracking; 5, back-transferred polymer or organic fibers (film and layered wear debris) showing delamination and cracking; 6, metallic and wear debris transferred from the counterface; and 7, pulled-out or peeled-off fiber pieces
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Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 7 Changes in macroscopic fracture with increasing temperatures. Fracture mirrors on pulled-out fiber fracture surfaces of Nicalon fiber reinforced Al 2 O 3 -matrix composites with boron nitride interphase. (a) 293 K. (b) 1073 K. (c) 1273 K. Source: Ref 7
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003572
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... and third body abrasion due to loose grit (middle portion) on the softened matrix. (f) PEI CF (O P ) excessive breakage of an array of CF in both the directions resulting in high wear. (g) PEI CF (O N ) CF tips showing less fiber damage (and hence less wear); cavities due to fiber pull out. (h) PEI G3 (O...
Abstract
This article reviews the abrasive and adhesive wear failure of several types of reinforced polymers, including particulate-reinforced polymers, short-fiber reinforced polymers (SFRP), continuous unidirectional fiber reinforced polymers (FRP), particulate-filled composites, mixed composites (SFRP and particulate-filled), unidirectional FRP composites, and fabric reinforced composites. Friction and wear performance of the composites, correlation of performance with various materials properties, and studies on wear-of failure mechanisms by scanning electron microscopy are discussed for each of these types.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006869
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
...; and 7, pulled-out or peeled-off fiber pieces Different wear mechanisms and friction coefficients can be observed with each fiber orientation. The friction coefficient in an AP orientation is lower than in N and P orientations and can be defined as a function of orientation and pressure ( Ref 9...
Abstract
Reinforced polymers (RPs) are widely used in structural, industrial, automotive, and engineering applications due to their ecofriendly nature and the potential to manipulate their properties. This article addresses the technical synthesis of RPs, referring to their tribological behavior, to provide insights into the contribution and interaction of influential parameters on the wear behavior of polymers. It provides a brief discussion on the effects of significant parameters on RP tribology. The article describes abrasive and adhesive wear and provides a theoretical synthesis of the literature regarding the wear mechanisms of RPs. It also describes the synthesis of abrasive wear failure of different types of RPs and highlights the contribution of these influential parameters. The article addresses the synthesis of adhesive wear failure of different types of RPs.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... Abstract This article focuses on the factors to be considered for selecting fasteners for joining carbon fiber composites. These considerations include corrosion compatibility, fastener materials, strength, stiffness, head configurations, importance of clamp-up, hole fit, and lightning...
Abstract
This article focuses on the factors to be considered for selecting fasteners for joining carbon fiber composites. These considerations include corrosion compatibility, fastener materials, strength, stiffness, head configurations, importance of clamp-up, hole fit, and lightning protection.
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