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Charles P. Poole, Jr., Horatio A. Farach
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W. Brian James
By
Egbert Baake, Bernard Nacke
By
Kalathur S. Narasimhan
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Eugene J. Rymaszewski
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ferromagnetic resonance
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001751
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... Abstract Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) is used in the identification of the magnetic state of materials, the quantitative determination of static magnetic parameters, and the determination of microwave losses. This article describes the theory of ferromagnetic resonance and provides information...
Abstract
Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) is used in the identification of the magnetic state of materials, the quantitative determination of static magnetic parameters, and the determination of microwave losses. This article describes the theory of ferromagnetic resonance and provides information on reflection spectrometers, microwave spectrometers, and ferromagnetic anti-resonance spectrometers used for measuring FMR. It also discusses the applications of FMR and provides several detailed examples.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001752
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... on ferromagnetic nuclear resonance and nuclear quadrupole resonance, and illustrates the experimental arrangement of NMR with a block diagram. It also presents several application examples. electric quadrupole moment ferromagnetic nuclear resonance magnetic dipole moment nuclear magnetic resonance...
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a form of radio frequency spectroscopy based on interactions between nuclear magnetic dipole or electric quadrupole moments and an applied magnetic field or electric-field gradient. This article provides an overview of the fundamental principles of nuclear magnetic resonance with emphasis on nuclei properties, the basic equation of nuclear magnetic resonance, the classical theory of nuclear magnetization, line broadening, and measurement sensitivity. It describes the pulse-echo method for observing NMR. The article provides useful information on ferromagnetic nuclear resonance and nuclear quadrupole resonance, and illustrates the experimental arrangement of NMR with a block diagram. It also presents several application examples.
Book Chapter
Abbreviations and Symbols: Materials Characterization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0005693
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... ESCA electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis ESR electron spin resonance EXAFS extended x-ray absorption fine structure FIM field ion microscopy FNAA fast neutron activation analysis FMR ferromagnetic resonance FT-IR Fourier transform infrared...
Image
Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 17 Angular dependence of resonance field for S 1 in amorphous YFe 2 . As noted in Fig. 16 (bulk amorphous YFe 2 being paramagnetic), these data indicate the presence of a ferromagnetic layer at the surface. Field measured at 300 K and 24 GHz, with 4π M = 6.2 kOe
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Book Chapter
Electron Spin Resonance
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001750
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... sometimes be ordered magnetic solids, such as ferromagnets. If placed in a microwave-resonant cavity between the pole pieces of a strong electromagnet, such a sample absorbs microwave energy at particular values of the magnetic field that are characteristic of the positions and the crystalline environments...
Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR), or electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), is an analytical technique that can extract a great deal of information from any material containing unpaired electrons. This article explains how ESR works and where it applies in materials characterization. It describes a typical ESR spectrometer and explains how to tune it to optimize critical electromagnetic interactions in the test sample. It also identifies compounds and elements most suited for ESR analysis and explains how to extract supplementary information from test samples based on the time it takes electrons to return to equilibrium from their resonant state. Two of the most common methods for measuring this relaxation time are presented as are several application examples.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006336
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
..., or number of these anomalies exceeds the maximum allowed by the purchaser. The nondestructive methods include visual inspection, dimensional inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic-particle inspection, eddy-current inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, resonant testing...
Abstract
Nondestructive inspection (NDI) methods for cast iron are used to ensure that the parts supplied perform as required by the purchaser. This article focuses on the principal nondestructive methods used to inspect for anomalies in cast irons and to determine if the volume, shape, size, or number of these anomalies exceeds the maximum allowed by the purchaser. The nondestructive methods include visual inspection, dimensional inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic-particle inspection, eddy-current inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, resonant testing, and leak testing. The technique, strengths, and weaknesses of each of the nondestructive methods are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Magnetic Field Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... represented by the extra flux lines is the leakage field associated with the slot. Generation of a Magnetic Field In some ferromagnetic materials, the residual field (the field that remains after removal of an external magnetizing field) often is adequate for surface flaw detection. In practice...
Abstract
Magnetic field testing includes some widely used nondestructive evaluation methods to inspect magnetic materials for defects such as cracks, voids, and inclusions and to assess other material properties, such as grain size, texture, and hardness. This article discusses the principles of such defect detection, providing details on the origin, generation, and assessment of leakage field data. In addition, it discusses the metallurgical and magnetic properties of magnetic materials and the applications of magnetic field testing.
Book Chapter
Nondestructive Evaluation of Pressed and Sintered Powder Metallurgy Parts
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
..., and gamma-ray density determination. The article also discusses the methods for automated nondestructive testing of pressed and sintered PM parts: acoustic methods-resonance testing, eddy current testing, magnetic bridge comparator testing, ultrasonic techniques, radiographic techniques, gamma-ray density...
Abstract
The potential for introducing defects during processing becomes greater as the relative density of pressed and sintered powder metallurgy (PM) parts increases and more multilevel parts with complex geometric shapes are produced. This article discusses the potential defects in pressed and sintered PM parts: density variations, compaction and ejection cracks, microlaminations, poor degree of sintering, and voids from prior lubricant agglomerates. It describes the various methods applicable to green compacts: direct-current resistivity testing, radiographic techniques, computed tomography, and gamma-ray density determination. The article also discusses the methods for automated nondestructive testing of pressed and sintered PM parts: acoustic methods-resonance testing, eddy current testing, magnetic bridge comparator testing, ultrasonic techniques, radiographic techniques, gamma-ray density determination, and visual inspection.
Book Chapter
Introduction and Fundamental Principles of Induction Melting
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005895
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... are reached when heating up cold ferromagnetic iron or ferromagnetic steel. After passing the Curie point at approximately 770 °C (1420 °F) as well as heating austenitic steel, the electrical efficiency decreases to approximately 80%. The maximum electrical efficiencies for nonferrous metals are much lower...
Abstract
In the metal producing and processing industries, induction melting and holding has found wide acceptance. This article provides a detailed account of the physical principles of induction melting processes. It discusses the fundamental principles and components of induction furnaces such as induction crucible furnaces, channel induction furnaces, and induction furnaces with cold crucible. The article describes the advantages, applications, and fundamental principles of induction skull melting. It also provides information on the various specific application-designed induction melting installations.
Book Chapter
Glossary of Terms: Materials Characterization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0005692
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
.... The difference between the true or expected value and the measured value of (3 x 105 to 3 × 106 Frank-Condon principle. The principle a quantity or parameter. which states that the transition from one ferromagnetic resonance. Magnetic reso- energy state to another is so rapid that the escape peak. An artifact...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of definitions of terms related to materials characterization techniques.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005684
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
.... 3 ). One added advantage to the use of tantalum over stainless steel in such applications is that tantalum is not ferromagnetic, so the patient may undergo magnetic resonance image scanning following surgery without risk of disrupting the ligated blood vessel and surrounding tissues ( Ref 18...
Abstract
Physically, tantalum is a dark, blue-gray, lusterless metal that exists in two crystalline forms: an alpha-phase with a body-centered cubic structure, and a brittle beta-phase with a tetragonal orientation. This article tabulates the physical and material properties of tantalum. It discusses the use of tantalum in medical electronics and the advantage of tantalum over stainless steel. The article describes the manufacturing and medical applications of tantalum foam.
Book Chapter
Permanent Magnet Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003154
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
.... Permanent magnet materials are based on the cooperation of atomic and molecular moments within a magnet body to produce a high magnetic induction. This induced magnetization is retained because of a strong resistance to demagnetization. These materials are classified ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic and do...
Abstract
Premanent magnet refers to solid materials that have sufficiently high resistance to demagnetizing fields and sufficiently high magnetic flux output to provide useful and stable magnetic fields. Permanent magnet materials include a variety of alloys, intermetallics, and ceramics. This article discusses the composition, properties, and applications of permanent magnetic materials, such as hysteresis alloys used in motors. It primarily focuses on the stability of magnetic fields that influences reversible and irreversible losses in magnetization with time, and the choice of magnet material, component shape and magnetic circuit arrangement.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006468
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... Abstract Magnetic-particle inspection is a method of locating surface and subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. This article discusses the applications and advantages and limitations of magnetic-particle inspection. It describes magnetic fields in terms of magnetized ring...
Abstract
Magnetic-particle inspection is a method of locating surface and subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. This article discusses the applications and advantages and limitations of magnetic-particle inspection. It describes magnetic fields in terms of magnetized ring, magnetized bar, circular magnetization, longitudinal magnetization, and effects of flux direction. General applications, advantages, and limitations of the various magnetizing methods used in magnetic-particle inspection are listed in a table. The article discusses the items that must be considered in establishing a set of procedures for the magnetic-particle inspection of a specific part: type of current, type of magnetic particles, method of magnetization, direction of magnetization, magnitude of applied current, and equipment. It concludes with a discussion on demagnetization after magnetic-particle inspection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006324
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... °F, at which cementite changes from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic), there is an increase in the rate of expansion. Unalloyed cast iron heated up to approximately 450 °C (840 °F) exhibits reversible thermal expansion. However, above this temperature, because of graphitization and oxidation...
Abstract
This article discusses the influence of microstructure and chemical composition on the physical properties of cast iron. The physical properties include density, thermal expansion, thermal conductivity, specific heat, electrical conductivity, magnetic properties, and acoustic properties. The article describes the properties of liquid iron in terms of surface energy, contact angles, and viscosity. The conductive properties such as thermal and electrical conductivity, of the main metallographic phases present in cast iron are presented in a table. The article discusses the magnetic properties of cast iron in terms of magnetic intensity, magnetic induction, magnetic permeability, remanent magnetism, coercive force, and hysteresis loss. It concludes with a discussion on the acoustic properties of cast iron.
Book Chapter
Glossary of Terms: Materials Characterization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006748
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... in a low-carbon measures percent concentrations of elements that a sample at any point on the stage can steel alloy. in samples of metals and other materials; be made to rotate around the analysis point when the sample is vaporized by an electric as the axis of rotation. ferromagnetic resonance. Magnetic...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of terms and definitions related to materials characterization.
Book Chapter
Magnetic Materials and Properties for Powder Metallurgy Part Applications
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006057
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... possible in metal injection molding parts. The article also discusses ferromagnetic cores used in alternating current applications and some permanent magnets, such as rare earth-cobalt magnets and neodymium-iron-boron (neo) magnets. ferritic stainless steel ferromagnetic cores hysteresis loss...
Abstract
Powder metallurgy (PM) techniques are effective in making magnetically soft components for use in magnetic part applications. This article provides an account of the factors affecting magnetism, permeability, and hysteresis losses. It includes information on the magnetic properties of PM materials that are used in the magnetic part applications, namely, pure iron, phosphorus irons, ferritic stainless steels, 50 nickel-50 iron, and silicon irons. The article describes the factors that affect and optimize magnetic properties. It contains a table that lists the magnetic properties possible in metal injection molding parts. The article also discusses ferromagnetic cores used in alternating current applications and some permanent magnets, such as rare earth-cobalt magnets and neodymium-iron-boron (neo) magnets.
Book Chapter
Properties Needed for Electronic and Magnetic Applications
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002475
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... (secondary) wires. This coupling is further enhanced by use of ferromagnetic flux concentrators. A second, less desirable, effect occurs when two or more signal transmission lines are in proximity of each other. The mutual inductance between them is, as a rule, accompanied by mutual capacitance. The combined...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the electric and magnetic parameters and discusses the significance of these parameters for electronic applications. It describes the components of analog and digital electronic circuits. The article reviews the augmenting technologies: magnetic and special technologies such as electrooptical.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005430
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... microprobe ≥2 μm 10 −16 to 10 −12 Rutherford backscattering 50 nm 10 −20 to 10 −17 Nuclear reaction analysis 20–100 nm 5 × 10 −21 to 5 × 10 −16 Indirect Nuclear magnetic resonance … 10 −20 to 10 −9 Neutron inelastic scattering … 10 −11 to 10 −9 … 10 −15 to 10 −11...
Abstract
Diffusion is the process by which molecules, atoms, ions, point defects, or other particle types migrate from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. This article focuses on the diffusivity data and modeling of lattice diffusion in solid-state materials, presenting their diffusion equations. It discusses different methods for evaluating the diffusivity of a material, including the measurement of diffusion coefficients, composition profiles, and layer growth widths. The article reviews the various types of direct and indirect diffusion experiments to extract tracer, intrinsic, and chemical diffusivities. It provides information on the applications of single-phase and multiphase diffusion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001094
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... moments within a magnet body to produce a high magnetic induction. This induced magnetization is retained because of a strong resistance to demagnetization. These materials are classified ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic and do not include diamagnetic or paramagnetic materials. The natural ferromagnetic...
Abstract
This article discusses the chief magnetic characteristics of permanent magnet materials. It provides a detailed description on nominal compositions; principal magnet designations; magnetic, physical, and mechanical properties; selection criteria; and applications of the permanent magnet materials, which include magnet steels, magnet alloys, alnico alloys, platinum-cobalt alloys, cobalt and rare-earth alloys, hard ferrites, iron-chromium-cobalt alloys, and neodymium-iron-boron alloys.
Book
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.9781627081788
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
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