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ferrite transformation
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Book Chapter
The Austenite-to-Pearlite/Ferrite Transformation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006300
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... untransformed volume. The article describes the austenite decomposition to ferrite and pearlite in spheroidal graphite irons and lamellar graphite irons. It provides a discussion on modeling austenite decomposition to ferrite and pearlite. austenite decomposition austenite-to-pearlite transformation...
Abstract
This article discusses the stable and metastable three-phase fields in the binary Fe-C phase diagram. It schematically illustrates that austenite decomposition requires accounting for nucleation and growth of ferrite and then nucleation and growth of pearlite in the remaining untransformed volume. The article describes the austenite decomposition to ferrite and pearlite in spheroidal graphite irons and lamellar graphite irons. It provides a discussion on modeling austenite decomposition to ferrite and pearlite.
Image
Effect of boron on ferrite transformation in isothermal diagrams of (a) 103...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2014
Fig. 19 Effect of boron on ferrite transformation in isothermal diagrams of (a) 1036 steel and (b) 10B36 steel. Source: Ref 11
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Image
Effect of heating rate on the temperature at which ferrite transforms to au...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2013
Fig. 10 Effect of heating rate on the temperature at which ferrite transforms to austenite (Ac 3 ) in pure iron. The Curie temperature is also shown (Ac 2 ). Reprinted from Ref 18
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Image
Transformation of δ-ferrite to austenite and σ-phase upon exposure of a sol...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 28 Transformation of δ-ferrite to austenite and σ-phase upon exposure of a solution-treated CF8 casting to elevated temperature
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Image
Effect of silicon on the ferrite (α) to austenite (γ) transformation temper...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 August 2021
Fig. 21 Effect of silicon on the ferrite (α) to austenite (γ) transformation temperature of unalloyed steel and cast iron
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Image
Effect of silicon on the ferrite α-to-austenite γ transformation temperatur...
Available to Purchase
in Specification, Selection, and Applications of High-Alloy Iron Castings
> Cast Iron Science and Technology
Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 7 Effect of silicon on the ferrite α-to-austenite γ transformation temperature of unalloyed steel and cast iron
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Image
SEM metallographic/fractographic interface for type 308 shielded-metal arc ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1996
Fig. 20 SEM metallographic/fractographic interface for type 308 shielded-metal arc welds. (a) In the unaged condition, microvoids are nucleated by δ-ferrite and silicon-rich inclusions. (b) After aging δ-ferrite transformation products, σ-phase (white phase) and M 23 C 6 carbides (on prior
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Image
Investigation of MnS and VN precipitates and relation with ferrite transfor...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2014
Fig. 20 Investigation of MnS and VN precipitates and relation with ferrite transformation. Source: Ref 30
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Image
Ferrite core encapsulated transformer. Courtesy of Jackson Transformer Comp...
Available to PurchasePublished: 09 June 2014
Image
Austenite grains (transformed to pearlite) outlined by ferrite network in t...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 2 Austenite grains (transformed to pearlite) outlined by ferrite network in the as-cast structure. 40×. Source: Ref 2
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Book Chapter
Heat Treatment of Copper Precipitation-Strengthened Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005962
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
..., granular, and bainitic ferrite, which form at different transformation temperatures. Gamma-Iron (γ-Fe) The γ-Fe or austenite phase forms at elevated temperatures. It has a face-centered cubic (fcc) crystal structure. Ferrite undergoes a polymorphic transformation to austenite at temperatures...
Abstract
Copper steels are precipitation-strengthened steels that are designed to have a unique combination of physical and mechanical properties. This article provides an overview of copper precipitate-strengthened steels and their applications, and discusses appropriate ASTM International standards. It describes the common phases and alloying elements present in copper precipitate-strengthened steels, and reviews the influences of alloying elements on processing, phase diagrams, microstructures, and mechanical properties. The article also discusses the thermomechanical process, solutionizing heat treatment, and isothermal aging in detail. It concludes with a review of the interrelationships between heat treatments, microstructures, and mechanical properties.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005786
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... carbon concentration prior to quenching and enhances wear resistance in ball-bearing applications. Austenitizing may involve plain carbon or low-alloy steels, where the transformations that occur upon heating primarily involve ferrite transformation and dissolution of cementite, or higher alloy...
Abstract
Austenitization refers to heating into the austenite phase field, during which the austenite structure is formed. This article highlights the purpose of austenitization, and reviews the mechanism and importance of thermodynamics and kinetics of austenite structure using an iron-carbon binary phase diagram. It also describes the effects of austenite grain size, and provides useful information on controlling the austenite grain size using the thermomechanical process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003995
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... that the austenite transforms to a fine-grain ferrite in the final as-rolled product. Similar concepts also apply to steel bar and forgings, although TMP applications for these types of microalloying steel products have lagged behind that of flat-rolled steels products. The basic objective of TMP, regardless of form...
Abstract
Thermomechanical processing (TMP) refers to various metal forming processes that involve careful control of thermal and deformation conditions to achieve products with required shape specifications and good properties. This article describes TMP methods in producing hot-rolled steel and reviews how improvements in the strength and toughness depend on the synergistic effect of microalloy additions and on carefully controlled thermomechanical conditions. It discusses TMP variables and the general distinctions between conventional hot rolling and common types of controlled-rolling schedules. The article describes the metallurgical processes in grain refinement of austenite steel by hot working, such as recovery and recrystallization and strain-induced transformation. The grain refinement in high strength low alloy steel by alloy addition is also discussed. The article provides an outline on the key stages of deformation, and the required metallurgical information at each of these stages.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Steel Heat Treatment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... ferrite heat treatment iron-carbon phase diagram isothermal transformation martensite pearlite residual stress steel thermal stress Introduction Heat treatment is roughly defined as controlled heating and cooling of a solid material, so as to change the microstructure and obtain specific...
Abstract
The heat treatment of steel is based on the physical metallurgical principles that relate to its processing, properties, and structure. The microstructures that result from the heat treatment of steel are composed of one or more phases in which the atoms of iron, carbon, and other elements in steel are associated. This article describes the phases of heat treated steel, and provides information on effect of temperature change and the size of carbon atoms relative to that of iron atoms during the heat treatment.
Book Chapter
Transformation and Recrystallization Textures Associated with Steel Processing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract The processing of steel involves five distinct sets of texture development mechanisms, namely, austenite deformation, austenite recrystallization, gamma-to-alpha transformation, ferrite deformation, and static recrystallization during annealing after cold rolling. This article provides...
Abstract
The processing of steel involves five distinct sets of texture development mechanisms, namely, austenite deformation, austenite recrystallization, gamma-to-alpha transformation, ferrite deformation, and static recrystallization during annealing after cold rolling. This article provides an introduction on crystallographic textures. It discusses the effects of austenite rolling and recrystallization on the texture and transformation behavior of recrystallized austenite and deformed austenite. The article illustrates the overall summary of the rolling and transformation behavior. It details cold-rolling textures, annealing textures, and recrystallization textures of steel samples. The article concludes with a summary of texture development during cold rolling and annealing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005963
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... be encountered in areas where an unprotected boron addition is made to modify other properties, for example, ductility or formability in low-carbon steels. Boron Hardenability Mechanism Boron increases hardenability by retarding the transformations to bainite, ferrite, and pearlite (each of which...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on the effect of boron in heat-treated steel and thermomechanically-simulated steel. It describes the boron hardenability mechanism and the effect of composition and heat treatment parameters on boron hardenability. The article examines the hardening behavior of unalloyed boron steel and low-alloyed boron steel in heat treatment experiments by varying the austenitizing temperatures and cooling conditions. It also discusses the applications of boron steels.
Book Chapter
Microstructures and Characterization of Gray Irons
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006343
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... the liquid melt. The article describes the macrostructure and dendrite morphology of primary austenite. Eutectoid transformation in the solid state causes the transformation of austenite to pearlite and/or ferrite, producing the as-cast structure. The article discusses the observations of the graphite...
Abstract
This article discusses the characterization of gray iron structures, following the sequence of structure formation, as it applies to unalloyed or low-alloyed gray iron. Austenite grains are the basic crystallographic entities of the metallic matrix in gray cast iron precipitated from the liquid melt. The article describes the macrostructure and dendrite morphology of primary austenite. Eutectoid transformation in the solid state causes the transformation of austenite to pearlite and/or ferrite, producing the as-cast structure. The article discusses the observations of the graphite and ferritic/pearlitic structure in as-cast gray iron.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001034
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
..., and subsequent cooling will lead to the formation of α-ferrite. During the austenite-to-ferrite transformation, proeutectoid ferrite forms first along the austenite grain boundaries; this is known as grain-boundary ferrite. Subsequent to grain-boundary ferrite formation, ferrite sideplates develop in the form...
Abstract
This article aims to survey the factors controlling the weldability of carbon and low-alloy steels in arc welding. It discusses the influence of operational parameters, thermal cycles, and metallurgical factors on weld metal transformations and the susceptibility to hot and cold cracking. The article addresses the basic principles that affect the weldability of carbon and low-alloy steels. It outlines the characteristic features of welds and the metallurgical factors that affect weldability. It describes the common tests to determine steel weldability. There are various types of tests for determining the susceptibility of the weld joint to different types of cracking during fabrication, including restraint tests, externally loaded tests, underbead cracking tests, and lamellar tearing tests. Weldability tests are conducted to provide information on the service and performance of welds. The major tests that are discussed in this article are weld tension test, bend test, the drop-weight test, the Charpy V-notch test, the crack tip opening displacement test, and stress-corrosion cracking test.
Book Chapter
Forge and Direct Heat Treatment Processes and Technologies
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4D
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04d.a0005994
EISBN: 978-1-62708-168-9
... of austenite, and transformation to ferrite during cooling. These processes are influenced by alloying elements and their carbide and nitride precipitates. Therefore, all aspects of the process—alloy design, thermal processing, forming, and cooling—should be otally controlled in order to achieve the optimal...
Abstract
This article provides general information on the definition, purposes, and quench equipment for direct-forge quenching (DFQ) and direct heat treatment (DHT) processes that are widely used in automotive and various other mechanical industries. It discusses the technological advances in these processes and their ability to produce high-quality components at low production cost from microalloyed steels. Further, the article describes the influence of carbon contents on toughness of microalloyed direct heat treated steels. It focuses on the DFQ and DHT steel technologies applied in continuous rolling mills to produce various DHT steels for machining and cold forming applications.
Book Chapter
Microstructures, Processing, and Properties of Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001008
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... and the phase transformations that change the structure and properties at varying levels of carbon content. Microstructures described include pearlite, bainite, proeutectoid ferrite and cementite, ferrite-pearlite, and martensite. The article depicts some of the primary processing steps that result in ferrite...
Abstract
This article describes microstructures and microstructure-property relationships in steels. It emphasizes the correlation of microstructure and properties as a function of carbon content and processing in low-alloy steels. The article discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the phase transformations that change the structure and properties at varying levels of carbon content. Microstructures described include pearlite, bainite, proeutectoid ferrite and cementite, ferrite-pearlite, and martensite. The article depicts some of the primary processing steps that result in ferrite-pearlite microstructures. It shows the range of hardness levels which may be obtained by tempering at various temperatures as a function of the carbon content of the steel. To reduce the number of processing steps associated with producing quenched and tempered microstructures, new alloying approaches have been developed to produce high-strength microstructures directly during cooling after forging.
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