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Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002357
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... thresholds, and titanium alloy crack growth thresholds. The near-threshold behavior of nickel-base superalloys is described. The article briefly reviews the threshold results for fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, and particulate-re-inforced metal-matrix alloys. It explains the near-threshold fatigue...
Abstract
This article describes the types of closure mechanisms, including plasticity-induced, roughness-induced, oxide-induced, and fretting-debris-induced. It discusses test techniques used to establish a valid threshold value for aluminum alloy crack growth thresholds, steel crack growth thresholds, and titanium alloy crack growth thresholds. The near-threshold behavior of nickel-base superalloys is described. The article briefly reviews the threshold results for fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, and particulate-re-inforced metal-matrix alloys. It explains the near-threshold fatigue crack propagation in welded joints and the fundamental considerations for modeling threshold behavior. The article concludes with a discussion on the effects of thresholds in the engineering design process.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002355
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract This article presents an overview of fatigue crack nucleation from the point of view of the material microstructure and its evolution during cycling. It describes the sites of microcrack nucleation at the free surfaces. The article discusses the relation of dislocation structures...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of fatigue crack nucleation from the point of view of the material microstructure and its evolution during cycling. It describes the sites of microcrack nucleation at the free surfaces. The article discusses the relation of dislocation structures and surface relief and reviews the mechanisms of crack nucleation. The damage of material due to crack nucleation, the extent (in terms of the number of cycles) of the nucleation stage, and the factors influencing crack nucleation are discussed.
Book Chapter
Detection and Monitoring of Fatigue Cracks
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract This article describes the test techniques that are available for monitoring crack initiation and crack growth and for obtaining information on fatigue damage in test specimens. These techniques include optical methods, the compliance method, electric potential measurement, and gel...
Abstract
This article describes the test techniques that are available for monitoring crack initiation and crack growth and for obtaining information on fatigue damage in test specimens. These techniques include optical methods, the compliance method, electric potential measurement, and gel electrode imaging methods. The article discusses the magnetic techniques that are primarily used as inspection techniques for detecting fatigue cracks in structural components. It details the principles and operation procedures of the liquid penetrant methods, positron annihilation techniques, acoustic emission techniques, ultrasonic methods, eddy current techniques, infrared techniques, exoelectron methods, and gamma radiography. The article explains the microscopy methods used to determine fatigue crack initiation and propagation. These include electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning acoustic microscopy. The article also reviews the X-ray diffraction technique used for determining the compositional changes, strain changes, and residual stress evaluation during the fatigue process.
Book Chapter
Behavior of Small Fatigue Cracks
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002358
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... are addressed, including increased scatter in small-crack data and recommended small-crack test methods. The article highlights the applications where small cracks may be particularly important. crack behavior small fatigue cracks small-crack test method FATIGUE CRACKS are small for a significant...
Abstract
This article defines different types of small cracks and identifies the different factors that influence small-crack behavior. Appropriate analysis techniques, including both rigorous scientific and practical engineering treatments, are briefly described. Important material data issues are addressed, including increased scatter in small-crack data and recommended small-crack test methods. The article highlights the applications where small cracks may be particularly important.
Book Chapter
Fatigue Crack Growth Testing
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract This article describes the fracture mechanics in fatigue. It discusses the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) testing that consists of several steps, beginning with selecting the specimen size, geometry, and crack length measurement technique. The two major aspects of FCGR test analysis...
Abstract
This article describes the fracture mechanics in fatigue. It discusses the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) testing that consists of several steps, beginning with selecting the specimen size, geometry, and crack length measurement technique. The two major aspects of FCGR test analysis are to ensure suitability of the test data and to calculate growth rates from the data. The article presents an analysis of the crack growth data. Optical, compliance, and electric potential difference are the most common laboratory techniques, and the article reviews their merits and limitations. Forced-displacement, forced-vibration, rotational-bending, resonance, and servomechanical systems for various loading conditions are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005419
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... Abstract Understanding fatigue crack growth is critical for the safe operation of many structural components. This article reviews the standard fracture mechanics and methods to determine the crack growth rate for a material and loading condition experimentally. It also addresses the two most...
Abstract
Understanding fatigue crack growth is critical for the safe operation of many structural components. This article reviews the standard fracture mechanics and methods to determine the crack growth rate for a material and loading condition experimentally. It also addresses the two most important aspects of crack-growth modeling: loading environment and crack geometry.
Book Chapter
Fatigue Crack Growth Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003317
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract Testing and characterization of fatigue crack growth are used extensively to predict the rate at which subcritical cracks grow due to fatigue loading. ASTM standard E 647 is the accepted guideline for fatigue crack growth testing (FCGR) and is applicable to a wide variety of materials...
Abstract
Testing and characterization of fatigue crack growth are used extensively to predict the rate at which subcritical cracks grow due to fatigue loading. ASTM standard E 647 is the accepted guideline for fatigue crack growth testing (FCGR) and is applicable to a wide variety of materials and growth rates. The two most widely used types of specimens are the middle-crack tension and compact-type specimens. This article describes the factors affecting the selection of appropriate geometries of these specimens: consideration of material availability and raw form, desired loading condition, and equipment limitations. Various crack measurement techniques, including optical, ultrasonic, acoustic emission, electrical, and compliance methods, are also reviewed. The article discusses the two major aspects of FCGR test analysis: to ensure suitability of the test data and to calculate growth rates from the data.
Book Chapter
Effect of Crack Shape on Fatigue Crack Growth
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002359
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract This article summarizes the aspects of crack shape and irregularity that are relevant to fatigue and fracture of surface cracks. It discusses the nature of three-dimensional surface cracks and variables that influence crack shape. These variables include the grain size, residual...
Abstract
This article summarizes the aspects of crack shape and irregularity that are relevant to fatigue and fracture of surface cracks. It discusses the nature of three-dimensional surface cracks and variables that influence crack shape. These variables include the grain size, residual stresses, texture, loading mode, environment, and crack coalescence. Measurement of crack shapes or aspect ratios during fatigue crack growth can be performed by a number of techniques. The article describes the estimation of the stress-intensity factor for arbitrarily-shaped cracks and failure prediction methods for arbitrarily-shaped flaws.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0009217
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... Abstract Fatigue crack growth rate testing and data analysis are performed to characterize the crack propagation resistance of material environment combinations in order to predict crack growth life under anticipated stress histories. This article presents analyses performed on the numerical...
Abstract
Fatigue crack growth rate testing and data analysis are performed to characterize the crack propagation resistance of material environment combinations in order to predict crack growth life under anticipated stress histories. This article presents analyses performed on the numerical output of crack growth rate tests, including the analysis framework for modeling fatigue crack growth rate data. It describes the numerical methods for calculating da/dN as a function of stress intensity factor. The article discusses the principles in fatigue crack growth damage analysis.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Fatigue and Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Metallic Biomaterials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004208
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... related to CF and SCC. biological response cobalt alloys corrosion fatigue dental amalgam stainless steels stress-corrosion cracking titanium alloys AS THE FIELD OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE proceeds into the 21st century, many changes are taking place. Traditionally, biomaterials have been...
Abstract
This article provides information on biomedical aspects such as active biological responses and the chemical environment characterizing the internal physiological milieu, as well as electrochemical fundamentals needed for characterizing corrosion fatigue (CF) and stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). It discusses some of the mechanical and electrochemical phenomena related to the in vivo degradation of materials used for biomedical applications. These materials include stainless steels, cobalt and titanium-base alloy systems, and dental amalgam. The article addresses key issues related to the simulation of the in vivo environment, service conditions, and data interpretation. The factors influencing susceptibility to CF and SCC are reviewed. The article describes the testing methodology of CF and SCC. It also summarizes findings from laboratory testing, in vivo testing and retrieval studies related to CF and SCC.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Fatigue and Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Metallic Biomaterials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005654
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... Abstract This article describes mechanical/electrochemical phenomena related to in vivo degradation of metals used for biomedical applications. It discusses the properties and failure of these materials as they relate to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion fatigue (CF). The article...
Abstract
This article describes mechanical/electrochemical phenomena related to in vivo degradation of metals used for biomedical applications. It discusses the properties and failure of these materials as they relate to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion fatigue (CF). The article presents the factors related to the use of surgical implants and their deterioration in the body environment, including biomedical aspects, chemical environment, and electrochemical fundamentals needed for characterizing CF and SCC. It provides a discussion on the use of metallic biomaterials in surgical implant applications, such as orthopedic, cardiovascular surgery, and dentistry. It addresses key issues related to the simulation of an in vivo environment, service conditions, and data interpretation. These include the frequency of dynamic loading, electrolyte chemistry, applicable loading modes, cracking mode superposition, and surface area effects. The article explains the fundamentals of CF and SCC, and presents the test findings from laboratory, in vivo, and retrieval studies.
Image
Thermal fatigue cracking of a spur gear. (a) Radial cracking due to frictio...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 31 Thermal fatigue cracking of a spur gear. (a) Radial cracking due to frictional heat against the thrust face. 0.4×. (b) Progression of thermal fatigue produced by the frictional heat. 1.5×
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Image
Fatigue fracture of a 20 cm (8 in.) diameter steel shaft. Fatigue cracking ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 13 Fatigue fracture of a 20 cm (8 in.) diameter steel shaft. Fatigue cracking initiated at the bottom side as photographed and is indicated by the arc-shaped crack arrest marks and a smooth, polished surface. Crack arrest marks and similar-appearing features are often, but not always
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Image
Fatigue cracking morphology in ductile iron fatigue fracture, 1400×. Courte...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 16 Fatigue cracking morphology in ductile iron fatigue fracture, 1400×. Courtesy of Element Materials Technology-Wixom
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Fatigue fracture in a 2 xxx -series alloy. Fatigue cracking initiated at a ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 June 2024
Fig. 33 Fatigue fracture in a 2 xxx -series alloy. Fatigue cracking initiated at a rivet hole. A higher-magnification view showing fatigue striations on the surface is provided in Fig. 34 . SEM; original magnification: 8×
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Image
Crazed pattern of thermal fatigue cracking on the outer surface of a stainl...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 33 Crazed pattern of thermal fatigue cracking on the outer surface of a stainless steel tube. See also Fig. 37 . Approximately 4×
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Published: 01 January 2002
Image
Steel knuckle pin that failed in service by fatigue cracking that originate...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 39 Steel knuckle pin that failed in service by fatigue cracking that originated at an arc burn at the bottom of a longitudinal oil hole during magnetic-particle inspection
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Image
Subcase fatigue cracking. The micrographs show etched cross sections of (a)...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 44 Subcase fatigue cracking. The micrographs show etched cross sections of (a) a carburized cylindrical test specimen (1.9×) and (b) a carburized gear tooth in which subcase fatigue cracks initiated and propagated during testing. Subcase fatigue, also known as case crushing, shows
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Fatigue cracking of a helicopter tail rotor blade. (a) Scanning electron mi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 6 Fatigue cracking of a helicopter tail rotor blade. (a) Scanning electron micrograph of the blade showing lead wool ballast in contact with the 2014-T652 aluminum spar bore cavity wall at the failure origin ∼13×. (b) Greater magnification (∼63×) in this same area shows the multiple pits
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