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Book Chapter

By Charles O. Smith
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002439
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... hazard analysis in terms of failure modes and effects analysis, failure modes and criticality analysis, fault tree analysis, fault hazard analysis, and operating hazards analysis. The article examines fail-safe designs, such as fail-passive designs, fail-active designs, and fail-operational designs...
Book Chapter

By John B. Bowles
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003503
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of the analysis. Overview of FMEA As the name suggests, FMEA is a procedure that examines each item in a system, considers how that item can fail, and then determines how that failure will affect the operation of the system. It is a structured, logical, and systematic analysis. Identifying possible...
Book Chapter

By Charles O. Smith
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002432
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... Abstract Reliability is a measure of the capacity of equipment or systems to operate without failure in the service environment. This article focuses on reliability in design and presents equations governing the instantaneous failure rate, general reliability function, mean time to failure...
Book Chapter

By Mark Hayes
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002377
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
..., compression springs often fail in such a way that the coils interlock and the spring can and does continue to operate after first failure. However, stress levels increase after the first fatigue failure, so a second fatigue crack grows rapidly, causing a second break. In service, environmental influences...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006802
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
..., and to not operate above a certain temperature that alters the microstructure or oxidizes the material. For rotating equipment, creep can also lead to rubbing contact that can be detrimental and can be considered a failure long before a rotor would fail in creep rupture. Corrosion Allowances Designs...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003512
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... it is to prevent failures, and it underscores that good designs consider the operating conditions and limitations of materials of construction. Fig. 2 Failed molasses tank, which fractured suddenly in New Jersey in March 1973. This catastrophic and sudden brittle fracture resulted in the release...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002381
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... for the implementation of fracture control: Periodic inspection Fail-safe features Durability design or mandated retirement (safe-life approach) Periodic (destructive) inspection by proof testing; repair after failure in proof test (if feasible) Damage tolerance requirements sometimes prescribe...
Book Chapter

By Dana J. Medlin
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006836
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... of these springs failed under identical stress conditions when the fuel oil contained substantial amounts of hydrogen sulfide. In addition, operating temperatures that are higher than those anticipated often result in failures of springs without changes in stress. Design deficiencies, material defects...
Book Chapter

By Dusan P. Sekulic
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006813
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... a description of heat-transfer surface area, discussing the design of the tubular heat exchanger. Next, the article discusses the processes involved in the examination of failed parts. Finally, it describes the most important types of corrosion, including uniform, galvanic, pitting, stress, and erosion...
Book Chapter

By Frank L. Jamieson
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0001811
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Failures occur for a number of reasons, which may be related to operation, design, material selection, material quality, and manufacturing practices. The largest portion of lifting-equipment failures are of operational origin. Overloading of a lifting mechanism is a common practice and often leads...
Book Chapter

By George F. Vander Voort
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003520
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., provide feedback. Finally, even within a given organization, failure analysis data and conclusions were not adequately communicated to the designers so that they could implement design changes aimed at developing an improved product, or to the operations personnel so that they could eliminate processing...
Book Chapter

By Harish Hirani
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006806
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Fatigue Under some conditions of corrosion, a material that would not fail without the corrosion can fail by fatigue. For example, Fig. 15 shows a support bearing of a hydrofoil vessel that failed after only 220 h of operation. The bearing consisted of an outer ring made of chromium-plated AISI...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... are needed to ensure satisfactory performance. Service conditions are sometimes changed, invalidating certain assumptions that were made when the part was originally designed. Such changes include an increase in operating temperature to one at which the material no longer has the required strength...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006797
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... operating temperature. Outer spring (b) is satisfactory Investigation The failed outer spring (at left, Fig. 6 ) had decreased in length to approximately the same free length as that of its companion inner spring. Most of the distortion had occurred in the first active coil (at top, Fig. 6...
Book Chapter

By Dana Netherton
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006817
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... in this order ( Ref 1 ): What are the functions and associated desired standards of performance of the asset in its present operating context? The answers to this question will list the functions of the asset. In what ways can it fail to fulfill its functions? The answers to this question will list...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006830
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... of a fatigue failure, take into consideration: Material Design of the entire machine as well as that of the failed part Fabrication practice (machining, welding, forging, or casting) Heat treatment Types of loading to which the equipment is subjected Operating environment...
Book Chapter

By Dana Netherton
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003504
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
..., it is easier to control minute details of the failure process, such as whether the casing of the asset fails by brittle fracture or by ductile deformation. Once the asset is in place, that feature can only be changed by replacing its casing. So, during the operating phase of the lifecycle of the asset, casing...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006753
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... from which they are constructed cannot “fail” in the same sense as humans. They respond to their environments in ways which designers/engineers/scientists should understand and anticipate. So, the failure presented for analysis is really a failure to meet expectations. Whose expectations? Understanding...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006821
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... of aircraft component and system-level failures that resulted from various factors, including operational stresses, environmental effects, improper maintenance/inspection/repair, construction and installation issues, manufacturing issues, and inadequate design. aircraft accident investigation aircraft...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006815
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... in question) as the “line in the sand” for overtemperature assessment. However, the engineering design process may have determined that the metal temperature of the airfoil must be below 925 °C (1695 °F) from the root up to 35% span, or else the blade fails to attain the specified creep life. If the operator...