Search Results for fabric deformation

Continuous fiber composite materials offer dramatic opportunities for producing lightweight laminates with tremendous performance capabilities. This article describes the kinematics of fabric deformation and explains the algorithms used in draping simulation. It discusses the basic components, such as laminate and ply, of continuous fiber composite. The article provides information on the core sample and ply analysis. It details producibility, flat-pattern evaluations, and laminate surface offset. The article discusses various interfaces, such as the structural analysis interface, the resin transfer molding interface, the fiber placement and tape-laying interface, and the laser projection interface.

This article discusses the composition, processing, and properties of austenitic manganese steel. Austenitic manganese steel is used in equipment for handling and processing earthen materials, such as rock crushers, grinding mills, dredge buckets, power shovel buckets and teeth, and pumps for handling gravel and rocks. The mechanical properties of austenitic manganese steel vary with both carbon and manganese content. Austenitic manganese steels are most commonly produced in electric arc furnaces using a basic melting practice. Heat treatment strengthens austenitic manganese steel so that it can be used safely and reliably in a wide variety of engineering applications. The approximate ranges of tensile properties produced in constructional alloy steels by heat treatment are developed in austenitic manganese steels by deformation-induced work hardening. Compared to most other abrasion-resistant ferrous alloys, manganese steels are superior in toughness and moderate in cost. Manganese steel is not corrosion resistant; it rusts readily. Many of the common applications of austenitic manganese steel involve welding, either for fabrication or for repair.

This article describes the mechanisms involved in creating texture for various metal-fabrication processes, namely, solidification, deformation, recrystallization and grain growth, thin-film deposition, and imposition of external magnetic fields. It discusses two experimental and analytical approaches for experimental determination of texture: one using classical diffraction and pole figure measurement techniques and the other using individual orientation measurements. The article also provides information on microtexture, grain-boundary character, and texture gradients. It concludes with information on texture evolution through modeling.

This article discusses the characteristics, composition limits, and classification of wrought tool steels, namely high-speed steels, hot-work steels, cold-work steels, shock-resisting steels, low-alloy special-purpose steels, mold steels, water-hardening steels, powder metallurgy tool steels, and precision-cast tool steels. It describes the effects of surface treatments on the basic properties of tool steels, including hardness, resistance to wear, deformation, and toughness. The article provides information on fabrication characteristics of tool steels, including machinability, grindability, weldability, and hardenability, and presents a short note on machining allowances.

Roll welding (ROW) is a process in which two or more sheets or plates are stacked together and then passed through the rolls until sufficient deformation has occurred to produce solid-state welds. This article begins with a process description of two modes of roll welding, including pack rolling. It describes a patented roll welding process for fabrication of heat exchangers. The article presents a table showing the typical properties of common roll welded clad laminates. The relative weldability of selected dissimilar metals and alloys roll welded into clad-laminate form are also tabulated. The article concludes with information on cladding of metals by strip roll welding.

Aluminum mill products are those that have been subjected to plastic deformation by hot- and cold-working mill processes such as rolling, extruding, and drawing, either singly or in combination. Microstructural changes associated with the working and with any accompanying thermal treatments are used to control certain properties and characteristics of the worked, or wrought, product or alloy. This article discusses the designation system, classification, product forms, corrosion and fabrication characteristics, and applications of wrought aluminum alloys. Commercial wrought aluminum products are divided into flat-rolled products (sheet, plate, and foil); rod, bar, and wire; tubular products; shapes; and forgings. The article discusses factors affecting the strengthening mechanisms, fracture toughness, and physical properties of aluminum alloys, in addition to the effects of alloying on the physical and mechanical properties. Important alloying elements and impurities are listed alphabetically as a concise review of major effects.

This article addresses dies and die materials used for hot forging in vertical presses, hammers, and horizontal forging machines (upsetters). It reviews the properties of die materials for hot forging, including good hardenability, resistance to wear, plastic deformation, thermal fatigue, and mechanical fatigue. The article describes heat treating practices commonly employed for chromium- and tungsten-base AISI hot-work tool steels. It discusses the fabrication of impression dies, and the advantages and disadvantages of cast dies. The article concludes with a discussion on the factors that affect die life and safety precautions to be considered during die construction.

This article describes the tests for the common types of fabricated components and modeling of metal deformation. It provides an overview of component testing and briefly reviews the relationship of mechanical properties in the process of mechanical design for static loads, cyclic loads, dynamic loads, and high-temperature materials. The article describes the general properties related to monotonic stress-strain behavior of steels. It also discusses materials properties and operating stresses as well as other factors, such as part shape and environmental effects, which play significant roles in the design process of components.

Ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) is a solid-state hybrid manufacturing technique that leverages the principles of ultrasonic welding, mechanized tape layering, and computer numerical control (CNC) machining operations to create three-dimensional metal parts. This article begins with a discussion on the process fundamentals and process parameters of UAM. It then describes metallurgical aspects in UAM. The article provides a detailed description of a wide range of mechanical characterization techniques of UAM, namely tensile testing, peel testing, and pushpin testing. The article ends with information on sensor embedding.

Annealing is an essential treatment in the fabrication of metal parts and semiproducts. This article discusses the processes involved in annealing, namely, recovery, recrystallization, and grain coarsening. It lists the heat treatment conditions of processed aluminum alloys. It provides information on the types of heat treatment, which include preheating, full anneal, stabilization, and stoving. The article describes the steps involved for achieving the age-hardening effect and the strongest hardening effect in aluminum. The steps to increase the strength of aluminum alloys by extremely fine, dispersed second-phase particles are: solution heat treatment, quenching, and age hardening. Finally, the article also discusses the process parameters of annealing, including the effect of strain, effect of temperature, effect of heating rate, and the effect of alloy elements, and the effect of annealing on anisotropy.

Soft-interlayer solid-state welds that join stronger base metals have unique mechanical properties that are of fundamental interest and may be of critical importance to designers. This article discusses the mechanical properties of soft-interlayer solid-state welds and the implications of these behaviors to service stress states and environments. It describes the tensile loading of soft-Interlayer welds in terms of the effect of interlayer thickness on stress, interlayer strain, time-dependent failure, effect of base-metal properties, and effect of interlayer fabrication method. The article concludes with a discussion on multiaxial loading.

This article discusses the mechanical properties of soft-interlayer solid-state welds and the implications of these behaviors to service stress states and environments. It illustrates the microstructure of as-deposited coatings and solid-state-welded interlayers. The article reviews factors that affect the tensile loading of strength of soft-interlayer welds: the interlayer thickness, the interlayer strain, and the interlayer fabrication method. It also provides information on stress-corrosion cracking of interlayers and stress behavior of these interlayers during shear and multiaxial loading.

This article briefly introduces the concept of creep properties of additively manufactured (AM) alloys, with a focus on the effects of the characteristic microstructure of AM alloys on creep performance. Relevant postprocessing treatment also is discussed, in relation to improved creep performance based on the improvement of AM initial microstructure.

This article discusses the key factors that influence the selection of engineered materials for a particular application. Materials properties such as ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, hardness, and ductility, which chiefly define the performance or functional characteristics, are covered. This is followed by manufacturing process considerations such as material factors, shape factors, process factors, and the characteristics of fabricability, namely formability, workability, castability, machinability, and weldability.

Titanium alloys are forged into a variety of shapes and types of forgings, with a broad range of final part forging design criteria based on the intended end-product application. This article begins with a discussion on the classes of titanium alloys, their forgeability, and factors affecting forgeability. It describes the forging techniques, equipment, and common processing elements associated with titanium alloy forging. The processing elements include the preparation of forging stock, preheating of the stock, die heating, lubrication, forging process, trimming and repair, cleaning, heat treatment, and inspection. The article presents a discussion on titanium alloy precision forgings and concludes with information on the forging of advanced titanium materials and titanium aluminides.

This article begins with discussion on forgeability and the factors affecting the forgeability of aluminum and aluminum alloys. It describes the types of forging methods and equipment and reviews critical elements in the overall aluminum forging process: die materials, die design, and die manufacture. The article discusses the critical aspects of various manufacturing elements of aluminum alloy forging, including the preparation of the forging stock, preheating stock, die heating, lubrication, trimming, forming and repair, cleaning, heat treatment, and inspection. It concludes with a discussion on the forging of advanced aluminum materials and aluminum alloy precision forgings.

This article examines the concept of fractography as applied to elastomeric rubbery materials. It considers four general categories of physical root failure causes: design defects, material defects, manufacturing defects, and service life anomalies. Examples of real-world failures of rubber articles, with numerous accompanying figures, are representative of the four root failure categories.

Prealloyed (PA) powder metallurgy is a technique where complex near-net shape titanium aircraft components are fabricated with low buy-to-fly ratios. This article describes the physical principle, mechanism, and simulation and modeling of metal can and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) processes involved in the PA powder metallurgy technique. It discusses the technical problems addressed in shape control and their solutions for understanding the advantages of powder metallurgy HIP.

This article describes the mechanics and processing characteristics of equal-channel angular extrusion (ECAE). Tool design considerations for the ECAE are discussed. During ECAE, severe plastic strains and simple shear deformation mode contribute to strong, sometimes unusual effects of processing on structure and properties. The article explains these effects and concludes with a discussion on the applications of the ECAE.