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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... of metallurgical processes, including pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and electrometallurgical processes. electrometallurgical process extractive metallurgy hydrometallurgical process mineral processing mining pyrometallurgical process THE REVERSION of metals into compounds is a natural...
Abstract
Ores, which consist of the primary valuable mineral, predominant gangue content, valuable by-products, and detrimental impurities, are extracted and directed to mineral processing. This article describes the mineral processing facilities, such as crushers, grinders, concentrators, separators, and flotation devices that are used for particle size reduction, separation of particles according to their settling rates in fluids and dewatering of concentrate particles. It explains the basic principles, flow diagrams, ore concentrate preparation methods, and equipment of major types of metallurgical processes, including pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and electrometallurgical processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0005721
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... science, physical metallurgy, mechanical metallurgy, extractive metallurgy, melting and casting, forming and forging, powder metallurgy, heat treating, machining and grinding, welding and joining (brazing, soldering, and adhesive bonding), surface engineering (cleaning, finishing, and coating technology...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of definitions for terms related to engineering materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003603
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... as “the art and science of procuring and adapting metals to satisfy human wants” ( Ref 1 ). As such, it includes the recovery of metals from ores ( extractive metallurgy ), the formation of metals into various forms ( mechanical metallurgy ), and the understanding of the interaction of the chemical species...
Abstract
Corrosion is classified into two categories: corrosion that is not influenced by any other process and corrosion that is influenced by another process such as the presence of stresses or erosion. This article discusses uniform corrosion, localized corrosion, metallurgically influenced corrosion, and microbiologically influenced corrosion, which fit under the classification of corrosion that is not influenced by any outside process. It also explains mechanically assisted degradation and environmentally induced cracking, which fit under the classification of corrosion that is influenced by an outside process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003599
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... ( No. 11 ), 2000 , p K1 – K41 4. Roskill Reports on Metals and Minerals , www.roskill.co.uk 5. Biswas A.K. and Davenport W.G. , Ed., Extractive Metallurgy of Copper , Pergamon Press , 1994 , p 324 – 354 6. Bosscher J. and Berends W. , Electrometallurgical...
Abstract
Electrochemical refining is the purification process for producing commercially pure metals from crude metals. This article describes the principles of electrochemical reactions. It discusses the physical properties of the basic components of electrochemical refining cell. The article also explains the engineering considerations required in the refining process. Theoretical and technological principles of electrochemical refining are illustrated, with examples.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004144
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... processing, and extractive metallurgy industries deal with a wide range of corrosive environments and erosive media. In mining and mineral processing, erosion and erosion-corrosion are the major concerns. Extractive metallurgy often involves the use of aggressive acids and other chemicals. This Section...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the concepts discussed in the Section “Corrosion in Specific Industries” in the ASM Handbook, Volume 13C:Corrosion: Environments and Industries. This Section applies the fundamental understanding of corrosion and knowledge of materials of construction to practical applications. The industries addressed are nuclear power, fossil and alternative fuel, land transportation, air transportation, microelectronics, chemical processing, pulp and paper, food and beverage, pharmaceutical and medical technology, petroleum and petrochemical, building, and mining and metal processing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006255
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
.... , Knabl W. , Lorich A. , and Stickler R. , Static Recrystallization of Molybdenum after Deformation below 0.5* T M (K) , Metall. Mater. Trans. A, Vol 43 , 2012 , p 4806 – 4818 10.1007/s11661-012-1292-4 4. Gupta C.K. , Extractive Metallurgy of Molybdenum, CRC Press...
Abstract
This article briefly discusses the annealing practices for refractory metals such as tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, tantalum, and rhenium and their alloys. It also presents the applications and properties of these metals and their alloys.
Image
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 28 Grain-boundary films of MC (black) in Waspaloy, which was intentionally forged under poor conditions to cause grain-boundary films. Extraction replica: black objects were standing vertically in grain boundary prior to extraction. See also Fig. 13 in the article “Heat Treatment
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Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... of Molybdenum Recovery Processes , J. Met., Vol 33 ( No. 4 ), 1981 , p 48 – 54 10.1007/BF03354424 21. Gupta C.K. , Extractive Metallurgy of Molybdenum, CRC Press , Boca Raton, FL , 1992 22. Enneti R.K. and Wolfe T.A. , Agglomeration during Reduction of MoO3 , Int. J...
Abstract
Refractory metals are extracted from ore concentrates or scrap, processed into intermediate chemicals, and then reduced to metal, usually in powder form. This article discusses the raw materials needed and the processing steps for producing pure and alloyed refractory metal powders. The effects of processing conditions on the physical and chemical properties of tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, and rhenium powders are reviewed.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006105
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
.... Evans D.J.I. , Production of Metals by Gaseous Reduction , Advances in Extractive Metallurgy , Inst. Mining and Met. , London , 1968 , p 865 4. Wills F. and Clugston E.J. , Production of Electrolytic Copper Powder , J. Electrochem. Soc. , Vol 106 ( No. 4 ), 1959 , p 362...
Abstract
Development of the properties of copper powder metallurgy parts is affected by pressing and sintering processes used in the production of components, such as contacts, carbon brushes, and friction materials. This article briefly describes the powder properties of copper and discusses the roles of lubricant and compaction dies in pressing of copper powders. It explains the structural defects that originate during the compaction process of PM parts. The article also provides information on sintering, re-pressing, and re-sintering of copper PM parts.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article focuses on mechanical testing characterization of blended elemental powder metallurgy (PM) titanium alloys and prealloyed PM titanium alloys. It examines the tensile properties, fracture toughness, stress-corrosion threshold resistance, fatigue strength, crack propagation...
Abstract
This article focuses on mechanical testing characterization of blended elemental powder metallurgy (PM) titanium alloys and prealloyed PM titanium alloys. It examines the tensile properties, fracture toughness, stress-corrosion threshold resistance, fatigue strength, crack propagation properties, and processing-microstructure-property relationships of these alloys. The article also reviews five considerations for powder process selection.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005217
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... to increase until the growth rate and the growth area of the crystals offset the heat extraction. The larger the area of the growing crystals, the lower the growth rate and the closer the temperature of the bulk liquid to the liquidus or eutectic temperature. Deviation from Equilibrium...
Abstract
Thermal analysis is a classical method of determining phase diagrams and can be used to analyze the deviation from solidification under equilibrium conditions. This article discusses the use of thermal analysis in industrial processes and in research. It describes the theoretical basis of simplified and differential thermal analysis. Techniques for determining liquidus and solidus temperatures using cooling curves are also discussed.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
...—Part 4: Total Oxygen by Reduction-Extraction … … 4491-4 Cross index of related standards for metal powders and powder metallurgy products: miscellaneous Table 6 Cross index of related standards for metal powders and powder metallurgy products: miscellaneous Miscellaneous Standards...
Abstract
The organizations that are most active in the development of standards for powder metallurgy (PM) are the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Metal Powder Industries Federation (MPIF), and International Standards Organization (ISO). This article presents the test method standards, materials standards, and material designation codes for PM materials. It provides information on the codes for structural parts, PM soft magnetic materials, PM self-lubricating bearings, metal injection molded materials, and powder forged materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005502
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... Abstract This article presents the governing equations and methodologies to model the press and sinter powder metallurgy, including continuum, micromechanical, multiparticle, and molecular dynamics approaches. It describes the constitutive relation for compaction and sintering. The article...
Abstract
This article presents the governing equations and methodologies to model the press and sinter powder metallurgy, including continuum, micromechanical, multiparticle, and molecular dynamics approaches. It describes the constitutive relation for compaction and sintering. The article discusses the experimental determination of material properties and simulation verification for compaction and sintering. It reviews the use of modeling and simulation of press and sinter powder metallurgy, including gravitational distorting in sintering, compaction optimization, sintering optimization, and coupled press and sinter optimization.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... distortion generalized Shima-Oyane model grain growth mechanical response metal powders powder metallurgy sintering simulation EFFECTIVE COMPUTER SIMULATIONS of metal powder compaction and sintering are at the top of the powder metallurgy industry's wish list. There is much anticipated advantage...
Abstract
This article discusses continuum modeling, which is the most relevant approach in modeling grain growth, densification, and deformation during sintering. Continuum plasticity models are frequently used to describe the mechanical response of metal powders during compaction. The article illustrates the typical procedure for computer simulation for press and sinter process. It describes the procedure to obtain the material properties based on the generalized Shima-Oyane model. The article presents a wide variety of tests, accounting for data on the grain growth, densification, and distortion where these data help in the development of a constitutive model for sintering simulation. Finally, the article provides information on the simulation approaches used to optimize die compaction and sintering.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006122
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article discusses the methods for producing powder metallurgy (PM) nickel powders, including carbonyl process, hydrometallurgical process, hydrogen reduction process, and atomization process, as well as their applications. It describes three processes for producing nickel alloy...
Abstract
This article discusses the methods for producing powder metallurgy (PM) nickel powders, including carbonyl process, hydrometallurgical process, hydrogen reduction process, and atomization process, as well as their applications. It describes three processes for producing nickel alloy powders: water atomization, high-pressure water atomization, and gas atomization. The article also provides information on the applications of PM hot isostatic pressing in the oil and gas industry.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
...-impregnated coring bits dip infiltration erosion-resistant cladding external-pressure infiltration fixed-cutter drill bits gravity feed infiltration metal infiltration THE PROCESS OF INFILTRATION is used in powder metallurgy (PM) to increase component performance by eliminating porosity without...
Abstract
This article provides information on the infiltration mechanism of carbide structures. It reviews the basic techniques used for metal infiltration, including dip infiltration, contact filtration, gravity feed infiltration, and external-pressure infiltration. The article highlights various applications of contact infiltration in oil, gas, and blast-hole drilling such as fixed-cutter drill bits and diamond-impregnated coring bits. It also discusses the applications of infiltrated carbide material in erosion-resistant cladding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001086
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... Abstract Beryllium is a metal with an unusual combination of physical and mechanical properties that make it particularly effective in optical components, precision instruments, and specialized aerospace applications. Almost all of the beryllium in use is a powder metallurgy (P/M) product...
Abstract
Beryllium is a metal with an unusual combination of physical and mechanical properties that make it particularly effective in optical components, precision instruments, and specialized aerospace applications. Almost all of the beryllium in use is a powder metallurgy (P/M) product. Beginning with an overview of the mining and refining processes of beryllium, this article discusses powder production and consolidation methods, beryllium grades and their designations, and the protective measures that have been enacted to reduce exposure to beryllium.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005420
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... the solidification shrinkage and are based on the temperature field solved with the heat-transfer model. Care should be taken in choosing a consistent reference temperature, T 0 , and in differentiating to extract the thermal strain rate, which can be accomplished numerically. Finding suitable constitutive...
Abstract
This article focuses on the concepts involved in heat-transfer modeling, thermomechanical modeling, and microsegregation modeling of hot tearing. It discusses the modeling of solidification defects, namely, inclusion entrapment, segregation, shrinkage cavities, gas porosity, mold-wall erosion, and hot-tear cracks.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02b.a0006740
EISBN: 978-1-62708-210-5
... Abstract Alloy 7097 is a quench insensitive Al-Mg-Zn-Cu-Zr alloy engineered for the most advantageous combination of strength, corrosion resistance, and fracture toughness in thick structural applications. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy of alloy 7097 and processing...
Abstract
Alloy 7097 is a quench insensitive Al-Mg-Zn-Cu-Zr alloy engineered for the most advantageous combination of strength, corrosion resistance, and fracture toughness in thick structural applications. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy of alloy 7097 and processing effects on mechanical properties of alloy 7097-T7651 plate.
Book Chapter
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... ), 2005 , p 21 – 28 4. Gupta C.K. , Extractive Metallurgy of Molybdenum , CRC Press , Boca Raton, FL , 1992 5. Ohser-Wiedemannm R. , Martin U. , Seifert H.J. , and Müller A. , “Densification Behavior of Pure Molybdenum Powder by Spark Plasma Sintering,” Int...
Abstract
This article focuses on the selection, properties, and applications of powder metallurgy refractory metals and their alloys, including tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, and rhenium.
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