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in In-Service Techniques—Damage Detection and Monitoring
> Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
Published: 01 January 2003
Image
Published: 01 January 1993
Fig. 4 Examples of expert system screen displays. (a) User interface of the FERRITEPREDICTOR expert system for stainless steel ferrite analysis. (b) A ferrite analysis of a dissimilar metal stainless steel weld (base metals, 304 and 316; filler metal, ER308) using the 1988 WRC diagram
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Image
Published: 01 January 1997
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... Abstract This article provides a description of various systems for computer-aided materials selection that deals primarily with promising prototypes that have emerged for various applications. These include expert systems, quantitative selection systems, qualitative and experiential selection...
Abstract
This article provides a description of various systems for computer-aided materials selection that deals primarily with promising prototypes that have emerged for various applications. These include expert systems, quantitative selection systems, qualitative and experiential selection systems, and object-oriented systems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003653
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... management and the Corrosion Expert System. It concludes with information on the simulation and modeling for incorporating the mechanisms of corrosion prevention into military hardware systems design and operation. corrosion electrochemical method electromagnetic method sound wave method fiber...
Abstract
This article focuses on the methods that are being developed for detecting and monitoring corrosion: electrochemical methods, electromagnetic or sound wave methods, fiber-optic technology, fluorescence methods, and the Diffracto Sight method. It reviews the importance of data management and the Corrosion Expert System. It concludes with information on the simulation and modeling for incorporating the mechanisms of corrosion prevention into military hardware systems design and operation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001470
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... traditionally covers several application areas. AI techniques that can be applied to the intelligent automation of joining include expert systems, intelligent data-base systems, image processing, signal analysis, fuzzy-logic systems, and artificial neural networks. An intelligent automation system usually...
Abstract
Efforts in improving the efficiency of automated equipment lead to combining automatic joining equipment with a modem computer technique eventually known as artificial intelligence (intelligent automation) that usually includes an off-line planning system and a real-time adaptive control system connected through a computer communications interface. This article focuses on the application of intelligent automation system to arc welding, called WELDEXCELL, and other joining processes. An outline of the interface between off-line planners and real-time control systems is also provided.
Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 10 Example of an axisymmetric part. (a) Isometric view. (b) Cross section showing regional subdivisions. (c) Link-node network representation of the part topology for expert system design decisions
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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... that will occur during casting and heat treatment and can be used to minimize residual stresses. Some commercial packages include expert systems to help orient the casting in the mold to minimize casting defects and to suggest gating and risering schemes. Finite element and finite difference models represent...
Abstract
This article provides general guidelines for casting design to provide progressive solidification, minimize heat concentration, eliminate cores, and prevent distortion. Casting design also affects tolerances. Casting tolerances depend on the alloy being poured, the size of the casting, and the molding method used. Designers can predict the effect of the design on the structure of the final part using solidification simulation models, namely finite element and finite difference models, and rapid prototyping. The article concludes with a short note on how the quality is assured in the foundry.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003642
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... the exchange of information between organizations. For scientists and engineers developing materials, models have become an essential benchmarking element for the selection and life prediction associated with the introduction of new materials or processes. For systems managers, the corrosion performance...
Abstract
Corrosion modeling is an essential benchmarking element for the selection and life prediction associated with the introduction of new materials or processes. These models are most naturally expressed in terms of differential equations or in other nonexplicit forms of mathematics. This article discusses the principles and applications of various models developed for understanding the corrosion mechanism. These models include mechanistic models, including Pourbaix model, thermophysical module, electrochemical module, and ion association model; risk-based models; and knowledge models. The risk-based model and knowledge models are illustrated with examples for better understanding. The article also describes boundary-element modeling and pitting corrosion fatigue models.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006963
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... with the worldview of the AM community, showing how all of the terms in the CDD relate to one another in ways that are intuitively obvious to human experts. At the same time, it must also be interpretable and searchable by machines so that as data are exchanged, systems that receive data can understand how that data...
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, as the first fully digital manufacturing process, is critically dependent on data, including the input materials, the process parameters guiding the three-dimensional printing process execution, any postprocessing steps, and any inspections performed on the printed coupons and/or parts, to name just a few examples. This article presents the standards to enable findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable (FAIR) data. It then discusses three main types of data models that are used to capture different levels of detail and granularity of data: conceptual, logical, and physical. Different approaches and techniques with their own strengths and weaknesses are developed to model data. Four of the major types of data models include hierarchical, relational, object-oriented, and network/graph-based. The article also presents the evolution of data management approaches. It then describes the characteristics of effective logical data models.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002450
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... of material (production, experimental, obsolete) Evaluation status (if so, by whom and how) Validation status (if so, by whom and how) Certification status (if so, by whom and how) Expert Systems Expert systems are computer-based systems with the potential to solve problems that require...
Abstract
This article describes the process of materials selection in relation to the design process, such as materials selection for a new design and materials substitution for an existing design. It reviews the performance characteristics of materials using prototype tests or field tests to determine their performance under actual service conditions. The article describes the selection of a material in relation to the manufacturing process and presents the factors that influence materials selection based on costs and related aspects. These factors include metallurgical requirements, dimensions, processing, quantity, packing, marking, and loading. The article discusses how the needs for materials data evolve as a design proceeds from conceptual to detail design. It describes the methods of materials selection, namely, cost per unit property method, weighted property index method, and limits on properties method.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005553
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... the application. Four of the most commonly applied intelligent tools are neural works, expert systems, fuzzy logic, and genetic algorithms. Neural networks and genetic algorithms operate on unstructured data in the form of numbers, usually normalized between 0 and 1. Expert systems excel through the use of rules...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the methods used to control aspects of the arc welding process and research associated with the development of closed-loop feedback control of the process. Successful implementation of a closed-loop feedback control system requires sensing, modeling, and control. The article describes the commonly applied sensing techniques for arc welding control: arc sensing and nonimaging and imaging optics. It reviews the physics-based, empirically-derived, and neural network models for arc welding control. The article also discusses the research and development activities that attempt to extend the commercial, welding process controllers, namely, adaptive control, intelligent control, multivariable control, and distributed, hierarchical control.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002440
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... against a company, the plaintiff's attorney and technical experts will attempt to convince a jury that the manufacturer did not exercise reasonable care in one or more features of design and/or manufacture, and that because the company did not exercise reasonable care, an innocent party was injured...
Abstract
Products liability is a legal term for the action whereby an injured party (plaintiff) seeks to recover damages for personal injury or property loss from a producer and/or seller when the plaintiff alleges that a defective product caused the injury or loss. This article provides information on the legal bases for products liability and definitions for two types of defects: manufacturing defects and design defects. It summarizes other possible defects in design as well as preventive measures.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003520
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... of embrittlement, or to confirm the method of heat treatment or hardenability. Summarize and analyze all pertinent data. Consult with experts when necessary. Write the report and distribute it. The report should include recommendations to prevent future problems or problems in similar existing equipment...
Abstract
This article outlines the basic steps to be followed and the range of techniques available for failure analysis, namely, background data assembling, visual examination, microfractography, chemical analysis, metallographic examination, electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, X-ray techniques, and simulations. It also describes the steps for analyzing the data, preparing the report, preservation of evidence, and follow-up on recommendations.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... of expert systems and finite element or finite difference solutions of fluid flow equations. These are part of commercial solidification software widely available to metalcasters. In a mold having more than one mold cavity of the same casting geometry, it is recommended that the gating of all...
Abstract
Solidification is a comprehensive process of transformation of the melt of metals and alloys into a solid piece, involving formation of dendrites, segregation which involves change in composition, zone formation in final structure of the casting, and microporosity formation during shrinkage. This article describes the imperfections in the solidification process including porosity, inclusions, oxide films, secondary phases, hot tears, and metal penetration. It talks about the purpose of the gating system and the risering system in the casting process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006479
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... of these organizations used industry subject-matter experts and a consensus process in the development of their codes and standards. nondestructive testing testing standards THIS ARTICLE is a brief guide to information sources on nondestructive testing (NDT). It is by no means an all-inclusive review...
Abstract
This article is a brief guide to information sources on nondestructive testing (NDT). It provides examples of some of the standards bodies commonly used by NDT personnel. These include the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International, European Committee for Standardization (CEN), American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), American Welding Society (AWS), American Petroleum Institute (API), and American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT). All of these organizations used industry subject-matter experts and a consensus process in the development of their codes and standards.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006754
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... of a material or process specification is often best performed by a materials engineer. Thus, materials experts have been in an excellent position to gain experience in the failure analysis process. The advent of more powerful and widely available scanning electron microscopes has helped provide a more fact...
Abstract
Failure analysis is a process that is performed in order to determine the causes or factors that have led to an undesired loss of functionality. This article is intended to demonstrate proper approaches to failure analysis work. The goal of the proper approach is to allow the most useful and relevant information to be obtained. The discussion covers the principles and approaches in failure analysis work, objectives and scopes of failure analysis, the planning stages for failure analysis, the preparation of a protocol for a failure analysis, practices used by failure analysts, and procedures of failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003505
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
.... If a products liability suit is entered against a company, the plaintiff's attorney and technical experts attempt to convince a jury that the manufacturer did not exercise reasonable care in one or more features of design and/or manufacture, and that because the company did not exercise reasonable care...
Abstract
This article discusses the three legal theories on which a products liability lawsuit is based and the issues of hazard, risk, and danger in the context of liability. It describes manufacturing and design defects of various products. The article explains a design that is analyzed from the human factors viewpoint and details the preventive measures of the defects, with examples. It presents four paramount questions relating to the probability of injury which are asked even when one executes all possible preventive measures carefully and thoroughly.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... understanding of AC systems. Important issues include the interface between computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), and the application of expert systems and other methods, from artificial intelligence to AC systems, as well as process monitoring and diagnostics. Detailed information...
Abstract
This article discusses the types of adaptive control (AC) systems for metal cutting according to the AC strategies used. These include adaptive control with optimization (ACO), adaptive control with constraints (ACC), and geometric adaptive control (GAC). The article details the milling and grinding systems based on the ACO strategy. It reviews the fundamentals of ACC systems followed by a description of a particular ACC system for a turning operation. The article also describes the basic characteristics of GAC systems and presents a particular GAC system for the turning of cylindrical parts. It examines the issues in the AC systems such as tool wear/breakage. Trends in the AC systems such as variable-gain ACC systems and integration of adaptive control into CAD/CAM/CIM systems are also discussed.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006080
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... have been developed for analysis of powder forging, including finite-element analysis and expert design systems. These computer tools aid design of the process, including preform design. Such models were difficult to develop because of the complications introduced by porosity in the material...
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