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eutectic reactions
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in Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Nonferrous Alloys
> Materials Selection and Design
Published: 01 January 1997
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 18 The transition from a peritectic to a eutectic reaction as a function of chromium and molybdenum content in a stainless steel containing 11.9% Ni
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 47 The transition from a peritectic to a eutectic reaction as a function of chromium and molybdenum content in a stainless steel containing 11.9% Ni. Source: Ref 33
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 16 Binary phase diagrams. L, L 1 , and L 2 are liquid solutions. α and β are solid solutions. (a) Complete solid solubility. (b) Partial solid solubility with eutectic reaction. (c) Partial solid solubility with peritectic reaction. (d) Partial solid solubility with monotectic reaction
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 1 Schematic binary phase diagrams of solidification from liquid (L) to solid solutions (α or β). (a) With eutectic reaction with invariant point, E . (b) With peritectic reaction with invariant point, P , where alloys between II and III first solidify to α crystals and then transform
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in The Liquid State and Principles of Solidification of Cast Iron
> Cast Iron Science and Technology
Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 15 Binary phase diagrams. (a) Complete solid solubility. (b) Partial solid solubility with eutectic reaction. L, liquid solution; α and β, solid solutions
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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005212
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... of solidification and chemical modification of the aluminum-silicon eutectic. aluminum-silicon eutectic system microstructure phase diagram solidification aluminum-silicon system THE ALUMINUM-SILICON EUTECTIC REACTION has been the subject of intense interest ever since Pacz introduced aluminum...
Abstract
This article illustrates the equilibrium phase diagram for an aluminum-silicon system, showing the metastable extensions of liquidus and solidus lines. It describes the classification and microstructure of the aluminum-silicon eutectic. The article presents the theories of solidification and chemical modification of the aluminum-silicon eutectic.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006334
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... or graphite, starts precipitating. Usually when austenite develops first, the arrest is long enough, because it is necessary for some amount of austenite precipitation to enrich the liquid in carbon and arrive to further bulk eutectic reaction. However, when graphite precipitates first, only small amounts...
Abstract
This article describes different methods by which the composition of cast iron can be analyzed. It provides particular emphasis on the methods for evaluating the graphitization potential of a melt with prescribed limits on carbon, silicon, and alloying elements. The article discusses the effect of cooling rate on the graphitization of a given composition by chill and wedge tests. Thermal analysis of cooling curves gives excellent information about the solidification and subsequent cooling of cast iron alloys. The article presents some applications of the cooling curve analysis and explains the evaluation of carbon-silicon contents, graphite shape, graphite nucleation, and contraction-expansion balance. It illustrates the use of an immersion steel sampling device for compacted graphite iron production and provides information on the ferrite-pearlite ratio in ductile iron.
Book Chapter
Book: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... Another three-phase reaction of the eutectic class is the monotectic, in which one liquid phase decomposes with decreasing temperature into a solid phase and a new liquid phase: L 1 → α + L 2 ( monotectic reaction ) Over a certain composition range, the two liquids ( L 1...
Abstract
Monotectic alloys can be classified based on the difference between the critical temperature and the monotectic temperature. This article begins with a schematic illustration of monotectic reaction in copper-lead system. It discusses the solidification structures of monotectics and illustrates the monotectic solidification for low-dome alloys. The forming mechanism of the banded structure of copper-lead alloy in upward directional solidification is also described.
Book Chapter
Book: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006226
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
...Abstract Abstract Similar to the eutectic group of invariant transformations is a group of peritectic reactions, in which a liquid and solid phase decomposes into a solid phase on cooling through the peritectic isotherm. This article describes the equilibrium freezing and nonequilibrium...
Abstract
Similar to the eutectic group of invariant transformations is a group of peritectic reactions, in which a liquid and solid phase decomposes into a solid phase on cooling through the peritectic isotherm. This article describes the equilibrium freezing and nonequilibrium freezing of peritectic alloys. It informs that peritectic reactions or transformations are very common in the solidification of metals. The article discusses the formation of peritectic structures that can occur by three mechanisms: peritectic reaction, peritectic transformation, and direct precipitation of beta from the melt. It provides a discussion on the peritectic structures in iron-base alloys and concludes with information on multicomponent systems.
Book Chapter
Book: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
... through a series of configurations, finally taking on the more familiar shape shown in Fig. 2(b) . The three-phase reaction that takes place at the invariant point, E , where a liquid phase freezes into a mixture of two solid phases, is called a eutectic reaction (from the Greek word for “easily melted...
Abstract
This article begins with a schematic illustration of a eutectic system in which the two components of the system have the same crystal structure. Eutectic systems form when alloying additions cause a lowering of the liquidus lines from both melting points of the pure elements. The article describes the aluminum-silicon eutectic system and the lead-tin eutectic system. It discusses eutectic morphologies in terms of lamellar and fibrous eutectics, regular and irregular eutectics, and the interpretation of eutectic microstructures. The article examines the solidification of a binary alloy of exactly eutectic composition. It concludes with a discussion on terminal solid solutions.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005217
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., shows that the formation of austenite and the eutectic reaction occur at a temperature well below the liquidus and the eutectic temperatures, respectively. The reason for this depends on the nucleation and growth of the crystals in the liquid. In this article, this effect is analyzed, and the use...
Abstract
Thermal analysis is a classical method of determining phase diagrams and can be used to analyze the deviation from solidification under equilibrium conditions. This article discusses the use of thermal analysis in industrial processes and in research. It describes the theoretical basis of simplified and differential thermal analysis. Techniques for determining liquidus and solidus temperatures using cooling curves are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006299
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... s is the fraction solid, and df s / dT is the fraction of solid formed upon temperature decrease. The fraction of solid then is found by numerical integration of the experimental curve. The volume fraction solidified during the eutectic reaction, region III, at time t can be calculated...
Abstract
Thermal analysis is used to analyze solidification processes by recording the temperature as a function of time during cooling or heating of a metal or alloy to or from a temperature above its melting point. This article describes the use of cooling curves for analyzing a solidification process, such as the solidification temperature, structure analysis, fraction of phases and heat of fusion with focus on solidification of cast iron, and the use of cooling curves to control and adjust the casting conditions. It discusses deviations from equilibrium that occur due to kinetic effects during solidification. The article also illustrates the evaluation of fraction of solid formed during the precipitation of austenite from heat balance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003734
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... or a crystalline solid. When the parent phase is liquid, invariant transformations are classified as follows: Eutectic transformation ( Fig. 1a ): An isothermal reversible reaction when a liquid solution of two or more elements is converted into two or more intimately mixed solids upon cooling. The number...
Abstract
Solid-state transformations from invariant reactions are of three types: eutectoid, peritectoid, and monotectoid transformations. This article focuses on structures from eutectoid transformations with an emphasis on the classic iron-carbon system of steel. It illustrates the morphology of a pearlite nodule and the effect of various substitutional alloy elements on the eutectoid transformation temperature and effective carbon content, respectively. Peritectic and peritectoid phase equilibria are very common in several binary systems. The article reviews structures from peritectoid reactions and details the formation of peritectic structures that can occur by at least three mechanisms: peritectic reaction, peritectic transformation, and direct precipitation of beta from the melt.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003124
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and peritectic reactions are discussed in the following paragraphs, and phase diagrams for aluminum alloys are included in the Section “Structure and Properties of Metals” in this Handbook and in Volume 3 of the ASM Handbook. The eutectic reaction is illustrated by the aluminum-copper system ( Fig. 10...
Abstract
The physical and mechanical properties of aluminum alloy can be improved by strengthening mechanisms such as strain hardening used for non-heat treatable aluminum alloy and precipitation hardening used for heat treatable aluminum alloy. This article focuses on the effect of strengthening mechanisms on the physical and mechanical properties of non-heat treatable and heat treatable aluminum alloys. It describes the use of the aluminum alloy phase diagram in determining the melting temperature, solidification path, equilibrium phases, and explains the effect of alloying element in phase formation.
Book Chapter
Book: Alloy Phase Diagrams
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 3
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 27 April 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v03.a0006231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-163-4
..., namely, the tie line and the tie triangle. Eutectic System with Three-Phase Equilibrium An example of three-phase equilibrium in a ternary system with a eutectic reaction is shown in Fig. 20 . One of the binary systems involved in this ternary system is isomorphous; the other two...
Abstract
This article describes the liquidus plots, isothermal plots, and isopleth plots used for a hypothetical ternary phase space diagram. It discusses the single-phase boundary (SPB) line and zero-phase fraction (ZPF) line for carbon-chromium-iron isopleth. The article illustrates the Gibbs triangle for plotting ternary composition and discusses the ternary three-phase phase diagrams by using tie triangles. It describes the peritectic system with three-phase equilibrium and ternary four-phase equilibrium. The article presents representative binary iron phase diagrams, showing ferrite stabilization (iron-chromium) and austenite stabilization (iron-nickel).
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002462
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
.../property relationships that are used to make specific properties available to the designers of structural applications. It provides examples of phase diagrams that illustrate eutectic and peritectic reactions. aluminum beryllium chemical properties cobalt copper eutectic reactions magnesium...
Abstract
This article focuses on the monolithic form of nonferrous alloys, including aluminum, copper, nickel, cobalt, titanium, zinc, magnesium, and beryllium alloys. Each metal and alloy offers unique combinations of useful physical, chemical, and structural properties that are made available by its particular composition and the proper choice of processing method. The article describes the composition, designation system, properties, and processing method of these metals and alloys. It discusses the effect of alloying elements in these alloys. The article explains microstructure/property relationships that are used to make specific properties available to the designers of structural applications. It provides examples of phase diagrams that illustrate eutectic and peritectic reactions.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
...: aluminum-copper and aluminum-silicon; binary peritectic systems: copper-zinc; multicomponent eutectic systems: Al-Si-Cu-Mg; and for systems with both eutectic and peritectic reactions: Fe-C-Cr and nickel-base superalloy. microsegregation nickel-base superalloy solute redistribution equilibrium...
Abstract
This article discusses the two extremes of solute redistribution, equilibrium solidification and nonequilibrium Gulliver-Scheil solidification, for which solid redistribution of solute within the primary solid phase is the distinguishing parameter. The process and material parameters that control microsegregation are discussed in relation to the manifestations of microsegregation in simple and then increasingly complex alloy systems. The measurement and kinetics of microsegregation are discussed for the binary isomorphous systems: titanium-molybdenum; binary eutectic systems: aluminum-copper and aluminum-silicon; binary peritectic systems: copper-zinc; multicomponent eutectic systems: Al-Si-Cu-Mg; and for systems with both eutectic and peritectic reactions: Fe-C-Cr and nickel-base superalloy.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... of the system, as discussed in the section on “Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams,” which appears later in this article. Eutectic Reactions If the two-phase field in the solid region of Fig. 5 is expanded so it touches the solidus at some point, as shown in Fig. 6 (a), complete miscibility...
Abstract
Alloy phase diagrams are useful for the development, fabrication, design and control of heat treatment procedures that will produce the required mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of new alloys. They are also useful in solving problems that arise in their performance in commercial applications, thus improving product predictability. This article describes different equilibrium phase diagrams (unary, binary, and ternary) and microstructures, description terms, and general principles of reading alloy phase diagrams. Further, the article discusses plotting schemes; areas in a phase diagram; and the position and shapes of the points, lines, surfaces, and intersections, which are controlled by thermodynamic principles and properties of all phases that comprise the system. It also illustrates the application of the stated principles with suitable phase diagrams.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005214
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... reaction will become a eutectic reaction if the chromium content is increased to 20% or more. This transition is also influenced by the molybdenum content, as shown in Fig. 18 . Fig. 18 The transition from a peritectic to a eutectic reaction as a function of chromium and molybdenum content...
Abstract
This article describes the three solidification mechanisms of peritectic structures, namely, peritectic reaction, peritectic transformation, and direct precipitation. It discusses the theoretical analysis, which shows that the rate of the peritectic transformation is influenced by the diffusion rate and the extension of the beta-phase region in the phase diagram. The article also provides information on the peritectic transformations in multicomponent systems.