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Book Chapter
Overview of Wear and Erosion Testing of Coatings
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001302
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Standardization, repeatability, convenience, short testing time, and simple measuring and ranking techniques are desirable in wear and erosion tests. This article provides a brief review of the wear testing methods and wear and erosion test equipment. General elements of a wear test...
Abstract
Standardization, repeatability, convenience, short testing time, and simple measuring and ranking techniques are desirable in wear and erosion tests. This article provides a brief review of the wear testing methods and wear and erosion test equipment. General elements of a wear test, namely, simulation, acceleration, specimen preparation, control, measurement, and reporting, are reviewed.
Book Chapter
Corrosion and Erosion of Ash-Handling Systems
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... systems. The article presents the ways to minimize operating problems that occur due to corrosion, erosion, scaling, and plugging. corrosion erosion scaling ash handling systems dry fly ash systems wet fly ash systems plugging ASH HANDLING is a major challenge for utilities and industries...
Abstract
Ash handling is a major challenge for utilities and industries using coal as a primary fuel. This article discusses the operating problems associated with conventional fly ash/bottom ash handling systems. It describes the two types of fly ash systems, namely, dry and wet fly ash systems. The article presents the ways to minimize operating problems that occur due to corrosion, erosion, scaling, and plugging.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003569
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article considers two mechanisms of cavitation failure: those for ductile materials and those for brittle materials. It examines the different stages of cavitation erosion. The article explains various cavitation failures including cavitation in bearings, centrifugal pumps...
Abstract
This article considers two mechanisms of cavitation failure: those for ductile materials and those for brittle materials. It examines the different stages of cavitation erosion. The article explains various cavitation failures including cavitation in bearings, centrifugal pumps, and gearboxes. It provides information on the cavitation resistance of materials and other prevention parameters. The article describes two American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for the evaluation of erosion and cavitation, namely, ASTM Standard G 32 and ASTM Standard G 73. It concludes with a discussion on correlations between laboratory results and service.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003570
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract Erosion of solid surfaces can be brought about solely by liquids in two ways: from damage induced by formation and subsequent collapse of voids or cavities within the liquid, and from high-velocity impacts between a solid surface and liquid droplets. The former process is called...
Abstract
Erosion of solid surfaces can be brought about solely by liquids in two ways: from damage induced by formation and subsequent collapse of voids or cavities within the liquid, and from high-velocity impacts between a solid surface and liquid droplets. The former process is called cavitation erosion and the latter is liquid-droplet erosion. This article emphasizes on manifestations of damage and ways to minimize or repair these types of liquid impact damage, with illustrations.
Book Chapter
Evaluating Erosion Corrosion, Cavitation, and Impingement
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003669
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Erosion, cavitation, and impingement are mechanically assisted forms of material degradation that often contribute to corrosive wear. This article identifies and describes several tests that are useful for ranking the service potential of candidate materials under such conditions...
Abstract
Erosion, cavitation, and impingement are mechanically assisted forms of material degradation that often contribute to corrosive wear. This article identifies and describes several tests that are useful for ranking the service potential of candidate materials under such conditions. The tests, designed by ASTM as G32, G73, G75, and G76, define specimen preparation, test conditions, procedures, and data interpretation. The article examines the relative influence of various test parameters on the incubation and intensity of cavitation, including temperature, pressure, flow velocity, and vibration dynamics. It concludes with a discussion on data correlations and the relationship between laboratory results and service expectations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006378
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract Liquid impingement erosion has been defined as progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to continued exposure to impacts by liquid drops or jets. This article focuses on the core nature of erosion by liquid impingement, due to the greater appreciation...
Abstract
Liquid impingement erosion has been defined as progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to continued exposure to impacts by liquid drops or jets. This article focuses on the core nature of erosion by liquid impingement, due to the greater appreciation of the distinctions between the different forms of erosion. It discusses steam turbine blade erosion, aircraft rain erosion, and rain erosion of wind turbine blades. The article describes the mechanisms of liquid impact erosion and time dependence of erosion rate. It reviews critical empirical observations regarding both impingement variables (velocity, impact angle, droplet size, and physical properties of liquids) and erosion resistance of materials, including the correlation between erosion resistance and mechanical properties and the effects of alloying elements and microstructure. The article also provides information on the ways to combat erosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006384
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract This article provides an overview of cavitation erosion with a specific focus on the estimation of mass loss. It describes the mechanisms of cavitation erosion and the types of laboratory devices to evaluate the resistance to cavitation erosion of materials. The laboratory devices...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of cavitation erosion with a specific focus on the estimation of mass loss. It describes the mechanisms of cavitation erosion and the types of laboratory devices to evaluate the resistance to cavitation erosion of materials. The laboratory devices include rotating disks, vibratory devices, cavitating liquid jets, and high-speed cavitation tunnels. The article discusses materials selection and surface protection to prevent cavitation erosion. It reviews the fluid-structure interaction that plays a role in cavitation erosion particularly for compliant materials. The article provides information on the numerical prediction of cavitation erosion damage by the finite element method (FEM).
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006433
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... Abstract Solid particle erosion (SPE) is the loss of material that results from repeated impact of solid particles energized in a carrier fluid. This article reviews important SPE variables, their effects for different classes of materials, composites and coatings, and the mechanisms...
Abstract
Solid particle erosion (SPE) is the loss of material that results from repeated impact of solid particles energized in a carrier fluid. This article reviews important SPE variables, their effects for different classes of materials, composites and coatings, and the mechanisms and theories proposed to explain SPE. It discusses the SPE of metals, steels, and ceramics, as well as erosion of alloys with coarse, nominally two-phase microstructures in which the second-phase particles (SPPs) are typically large compared with the dimensions of the damage zone created by the impact of one particle. The article summarizes the erosion characteristics of polymer matrix composites (PMCs), metal matrix composites (MMCs), ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), and erosion-resistant coatings. The combination of parameters included in most erosion models is also summarized.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006796
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... Abstract Erosion of a solid surface can be brought about by liquid droplet impingement (LDI), which is defined as "progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to continued exposure to erosion by liquid droplets." In this article, the emphasis is placed on the damage mechanism...
Abstract
Erosion of a solid surface can be brought about by liquid droplet impingement (LDI), which is defined as "progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to continued exposure to erosion by liquid droplets." In this article, the emphasis is placed on the damage mechanism of LDI erosion under the influence of a liquid film and surface roughness and on the prediction of LDI erosion. The fundamentals of LDI and processes involved in initiation of erosion are also discussed.
Image
Erosion-corrosion related to high coolant flow. (a) Radiator tank erosion o...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 25 Erosion-corrosion related to high coolant flow. (a) Radiator tank erosion on wall opposite inlet. (b) Tube narrowing causes increased velocity and turbulent flow. See the article “Engine Coolants and Coolant System Corrosion” in this Volume.
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Image
Erosion-corrosion related to high coolant flow. (a) Radiator tank erosion o...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2006
Fig. 6 Erosion-corrosion related to high coolant flow. (a) Radiator tank erosion on wall opposite inlet. (b) Tube narrowing causes increased velocity and turbulent flow.
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Image
Erosion and dilation in action. (a) A magnified binary image. (b) Erosion a...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 42 Erosion and dilation in action. (a) A magnified binary image. (b) Erosion and (c) dilation, using a square (eight-neighborhood) structuring element, with one iteration
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Image
Erosion rate of different materials in a vortex erosion apparatus (input pr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 15 Erosion rate of different materials in a vortex erosion apparatus (input pressure = 7.7 bars; output pressure = 1 bar; flow: 3.3 mm 3 /h; input speed = 18 m/s; rotation speed: 400 turns/min; liquid: distilled water; temperature = 18). Source: Ref 1
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Image
Dependence of maximum erosion rate in cavitation erosion on the combined pa...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2002
Fig. 12 Dependence of maximum erosion rate in cavitation erosion on the combined parameter σ f ′ n ′
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Image
Influence of particle material on erosion rate, for erosion of a sintered g...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 3 Influence of particle material on erosion rate, for erosion of a sintered glass-bonded alumina ceramic by silica, alumina, and silicon carbide particles, 125–150 μm in diameter, at normal incidence. Adapted from Ref 5
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Image
Characteristic erosion-versus-time curves. (a) Cumulative erosion (mass or ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 December 2017
Fig. 9 Characteristic erosion-versus-time curves. (a) Cumulative erosion (mass or volume loss) versus exposure duration (time, or cumulative mass or volume of liquid impinged). (b) Corresponding instantaneous erosion rate versus exposure duration obtained by differentiating curve
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 12 Time variation of maximum erosion depth, E dm , for various erosion models. Source: Ref 49
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Image
(a) Erosion in copper pipe. (b) Erosion pit with no corrosion product visib...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 15 (a) Erosion in copper pipe. (b) Erosion pit with no corrosion product visible. (c) Erosion on the outside diameter of austenitic stainless steel heat-exchanger tube. (d) Section through same tube shown in (c). (e) Section through same tube shown in (c) and etched with electrolytic
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Image
Experimental erosion map for API X100 steel. Contours of normalized erosion...
Available to PurchasePublished: 15 January 2021
Fig. 13 Experimental erosion map for API X100 steel. Contours of normalized erosion rate, E , are shown in the map. Source: Ref 27
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Image
Coriolis erosion tester with (a, b) sliding and (c) impact erosion testing ...
Available to Purchase
in Specification, Selection, and Applications of High-Alloy Iron Castings
> Cast Iron Science and Technology
Published: 31 August 2017
Fig. 24 Coriolis erosion tester with (a, b) sliding and (c) impact erosion testing setup. Courtesy of GIW Industries, Inc.
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