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epoxy vinyl ester resins
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Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003406
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... and spray-up process. Workmanship for hand lay-up and spray-up processes is reviewed. The article provides information on the matrix-resin materials used for open molding, including unsaturated polyester resins, epoxy vinyl ester resins, and reinforcements. It explains the component design and short...
Abstract
Open molding is the method used in the polymer-matrix composites industry to make thermoset composite products. This article discusses the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of the open molding. It describes the various process of the open molding, such as hand lay-up process and spray-up process. Workmanship for hand lay-up and spray-up processes is reviewed. The article provides information on the matrix-resin materials used for open molding, including unsaturated polyester resins, epoxy vinyl ester resins, and reinforcements. It explains the component design and short- and long-term properties of a fiber reinforced composite laminate depending on material selection and workmanship. The article also presents the basic design guidelines for open molding.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003845
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... Abstract This article describes the resin and fabrication requirements associated with fiberglass-reinforced plastic equipment. It provides a discussion on various resins and their resistance to various environments. These include polyester, epoxy, epoxy vinyl-ester, and furan and phenolic...
Abstract
This article describes the resin and fabrication requirements associated with fiberglass-reinforced plastic equipment. It provides a discussion on various resins and their resistance to various environments. These include polyester, epoxy, epoxy vinyl-ester, and furan and phenolic thermosetting resins. The article concludes with a discussion on the curing system of thermosetting resins.
Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 20 Vinyl ester prepared by diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy resin and methacrylic acid
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Published: 01 November 1995
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract This article discusses the types, properties, and uses of continuous-fiber-reinforced composites, including glass, carbon, aramid, boron, continuous silicon carbide, and aluminum oxide fiber composites. While polyester and vinyl ester resins are the most used matrix materials...
Abstract
This article discusses the types, properties, and uses of continuous-fiber-reinforced composites, including glass, carbon, aramid, boron, continuous silicon carbide, and aluminum oxide fiber composites. While polyester and vinyl ester resins are the most used matrix materials for commercial applications, epoxy resins, bismaleimide resins, polyimide resins, and thermoplastic resins are used for aerospace applications. The article addresses design considerations as well as product forms and fabrication processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... the general and family characteristics of thermosetting resin families, including allyls, aminos (urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde), cyanates, epoxies, polybenzimidazoles, unsaturated polyesters, thermoset polyimides, phenolics, and vinyl esters. It also explains processing methods, including...
Abstract
A thermosetting resin, or thermoset, is a synthetic organic polymer that cures to a solid, infusible mass by forming a three-dimensional network of covalent chemical bonds. Significant applications include construction and thermoset engineering plastics. This article discusses the general and family characteristics of thermosetting resin families, including allyls, aminos (urea formaldehyde and melamine formaldehyde), cyanates, epoxies, polybenzimidazoles, unsaturated polyesters, thermoset polyimides, phenolics, and vinyl esters. It also explains processing methods, including curing and curing agents. The article provides descriptions of commercial product forms and the wide array of applications of thermosetting resins. It also tabulates the performance properties (mechanical, thermal, electrical and chemical resistance) of some families of unfilled or unreinforced thermosetting resins and reinforced or filled grades.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... unsaturated polyesters in terms of toughness and chemical resistance ( Ref 2 ). Toughness and increased tensile elongation properties in vinyl ester resins come from the epoxy resin backbone. Depending on the epoxy backbone used, the molecular weight of the vinyl ester resin can be changed, which in turn can...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on polyester coating applications such as powder coatings, can coatings, and automotive paints. It includes an overview, structure, properties, and benefits of vinyl ester resins. The article discusses the additives for both unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester coatings, namely, curing systems, thixotropic agents and fillers. It exemplifies polyester and vinyl ester coating, lining and flooring systems that are used for top-to-bottom protection of industrial plants and equipment. The article also highlights the concerns to be addressed when using polyesters and vinyl esters.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... of the corrosion-resistant composite industry. In recent years, they have been replaced by isophthalic resins for mildly corrosive applications and bisphenol A epoxy based vinyl esters in more aggressive environments. Currently, BPA fumarates are used almost exclusively in applications requiring exceptional...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the various types of unsaturated polyester resins and low-profile additives. The resins include general-purpose resins, isophthalic resins, bisphenol A fumarate resins, chlorendic resins, and vinyl ester resin. The article describes the mechanical and electrical properties, thermal and oxidative stability, and chemical and ultraviolet (UV) resistance of polyester resins. It concludes with a discussion on the flame-retardant polyester resins.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003692
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Thermosetting, or cross-linking, acrylics can be obtained by combining the methacrylate or acrylate esters with reactive nonacrylic polymers. The most common cross-linking agents in use are the epoxy resins, the urea or melamine-formaldehyde resins, and the vinyl resins. Generally, the nonacrylic polymer...
Abstract
This article discusses the coating systems categorized by the generic type of binder or resin and grouped according to the curing or hardening mechanism inherent within that generic type. It focuses on the properties, advantages, and limitations of various autooxidative cross-linked resins, thermoplastic resins, and cross-linked thermosetting resins. The autooxidative cross-linked resins include alkyd resins and epoxy esters. The article examines the two types of coatings based on thermoplastic resins: those deposited by evaporation of a solvent, commonly called lacquers, and those deposited by evaporation of water, a class of coatings called water-borne coatings. The coatings that chemically cross link by copolymerization, including epoxies, unsaturated polyesters, urethanes, high-temperature curing silicones, and phenolic linings, are also described.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003036
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
.... Vinyl Esters Vinyl esters shrink less and are more chemically resistant than the polyester family. They are prepared by reaction of an unsaturated acid or anhydride with an epoxy. As in the case of polyesters, this resin is too viscous to be easily handled, and the same types of reactive diluents...
Abstract
Wet lay-up using hand or spray techniques is one of the simplest methods of combining a fiber reinforcement with a solidifying resin to form a composite structure. This article describes several wet lay-up processes - including contact molding, spray molding, vacuum bag molding, and autoclave molding - suited for making parts on open-faced molds using polyester and vinyl ester resins. The article also provides information on mechanically assisted lay-up which can be automated to alleviate some of the manual work.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003356
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... mixture will reduce the renewable resource content of the final resin, they should result in higher T g values for the end polymer. The synthesis of maleate half-esters of organic polyols, including NPG and BPA, and the cross linking of the resulting maleate half- esters with a vinyl monomer...
Abstract
This article describes the synthesis, manufacturing, and properties of both the neat soy-based resins and the glass, flax, and hemp composites. A tabulation of the fatty-acid distribution in various plant oils is provided. The article discusses synthetic pathways for triglyceride-based monomers and provides a discussion on acrylated epoxidized soybean oils (AESO), maleinized soyoil monoglyceride (SOMG/MA), and maleinized hydroxylated oil (HO/MA). The polymer properties of the AESO, SOMG/MA, and HO/MA are also discussed. The article explains the ballistic impact resistance of soy resin composites and concludes with a discussion on biodegradable composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
...-flash aromatic naphtha Long- and short-oil alkyds Chlorinated rubber Acrylics Styrene and vinyl toluene copolymer Silicone resins Some epoxies Chlorinated hydrocarbons Methylene chloride Methyl chloroform Paint removers Terpenes Turpentine Dipentene Pine oil Oils Alkyds Epoxy esters Use...
Abstract
A coating can be defined as a substance spread over a surface to provide protection or to serve decorative purposes. This article discusses two industrial coating components, namely, nonvolatile components such as the resin or binder, pigments, and any additives that may be incorporated into the formulation; and volatile components such as solvents, or water in emulsions and their composition. It provides general information on volatile organic compounds. The article describes the film-forming mechanisms of various coating types, namely, lacquers, chemically converting coatings, latex coatings, alkyds and other resins, which cure by oxidation, moisture-curing polyurethanes and inorganic zinc primers, and powder coatings. The article concludes with a discussion on the functions of the primer, intermediate coat, and topcoat in coating systems.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... on fiberglass reinforced polyester resin. When better corrosion resistance is required, vinyl ester resins are used and represent the next largest product segment. Both of these resin types are also available as flame-retardant versions. When a combination of superior mechanical and electrical properties...
Abstract
Pultrusion is a cost-effective automated process for manufacturing continuous, constant cross-section composite profiles. This article describes the process characteristics and advantages of pultrusion. It provides information on the applications of pultrusion and discusses the processing equipment and tooling, the material composition, and the process control essential for a basic understanding of the pultrusion process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003038
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... in the transverse and longitudinal directions. More than 90% of all pultruded products are fiberglass-reinforced polyester. When better corrosion resistance is required, vinyl ester resins are used. When a combination of superior mechanical and electrical properties is required, epoxy resin is used. Higher...
Abstract
Pultrusion is an automated process for manufacturing composite materials into continuous, constant cross-sectional profiles. The article provides an overview of the pultrusion process and the wide range of materials that can be used to provide a broad spectrum of composite properties. It discusses the mechanical, physical and material properties of pultruded products, and the orientation options available to utilize the properties advantageously. The article also provides guidelines for designing pultruded products.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
...) market. Polyesters offer a combination of low cost, versatility in many processes, and reasonably good property performance unmatched by any other resin type. The most common orthophthalic types and the premium isophthalic types, bisphenol A fumarate, chloendic, and vinyl ester, are discussed...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the concepts discussed in the articles under the Section “Constituent Materials” in ASM Handbook, Volume 21: Composites. The Section describes the major matrix resins and reinforcing fibers used in composite materials, as well as some of the intermediate material forms available for composite fabrication.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... and fish oils listed previously. The drying oil can be mixed directly with the pigment (such as red or white lead, with the addition of a metallic dryer) to form the complete coating. Most commonly, however, the drying oil is combined with a resin such as an alkyd, epoxy ester, or polyurethane by heating...
Abstract
An alkyd is an ester-based polymer derived from the polycondensation reaction of polyhydric alcohol and polybasic acid. This article provides useful information on the chemistry, production, coating formulations, modification, commercial products, and application methods of alkyd resins. It also provides a section on drying oil, which is used in the manufacture of resins. The article describes the three categories of metals that have been used in drier compounds: primary driers (active or oxidation driers), secondary driers (through-driers), and auxiliary driers. It also provides information on the oil length of an alkyd resin and on solvents, which play a critical role in the formulation and use of the coating. The article concludes with a description of the concerns that a user, specifier, or applicator should be aware of when using alkyd coatings.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003366
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... , and 13 ). These areas traditionally used other resins, such as polyesters, vinyl esters, and epoxies. These resins are being replaced with phenolics for specific applications with stringent fire resistance requirements. To participate in the growing market, phenolic resin manufacturers have responded...
Abstract
This article describes the chemistry of phenolic resins and reviews their characteristics and properties for various composites fabrication processes. The fabrication processes include solution/hot-melt process, pultrusion, vacuum infusion, filament winding, sheet molding, and hand lay-up. The article illustrates the manufacturing process of phenolic honeycomb and provides information on the applications of phenolic composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006077
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
..., and appliances; and the manufacturing of epoxy vinyl esters. Cycloaliphatic epoxy resins have an epoxy group appended to an aliphatic (nonaromatic) ring structure. All other epoxy resins described earlier have aromatic rings in their structure, which are susceptible to ultraviolet (UV) light radiation...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed discussion on the principal classes and curatives of epoxy resins used in the coatings industry. The principal classes are bisphenol A epoxy, bisphenol F epoxy, epoxy phenol novolac, cycloaliphatic epoxies, epoxy acrylate, brominated bisphenol-A-based epoxy, phosphorus-containing epoxy, fluorinated epoxies, epoxy esters, epoxy phosphate esters, and waterborne epoxy. The principal curatives are amines, amine adducts, cyanoethylated amines, ketimines, polyoxyalkylene amines, cycloaliphatic amines, aromatic amines, polyamides, amido amines, and dicyandiamides. Other curatives include polyester co-polymers, phenolic co-polymers, melamine and urea formaldehyde co-polymer resins, phosphate flame retardants, ultraviolet and electron beam curing of epoxy resins, Mannich bases, Mannich-based adducts, and anhydrides. The article concludes by discussing the concerns regarding the use of epoxy coatings.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... ºC or 392 ºF) composite tool laminates. Polyester resins have the lowest cost per kilogram of any of these systems, while the vinyl esters are a close second. The costs of epoxies vary depending on the formulation, but are considerably less expensive than the BMI or polycyanate systems...
Abstract
Composite tooling is the making of tools from composite materials. This article focuses on wet lay-up methods and techniques that are used to fabricate prepreg tooling. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of composite tools. The article describes the process considerations for composite tool design, such as master model or pattern design selection, fiber and fabric selection, resins, and surface coat and ply. Various tool laminate construction techniques, such as curing and demolding, and cutting and trimming, are reviewed. The article also describes the substructure design for the construction of tool laminates.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006044
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... unsaturation include styrene, vinyl acetate, vinyl versatate, acrylonitrile, and vinylidene chloride ( Fig. 2 ); they are used to widen the cost and/or performance range available with all-acrylic compositions. Vinyl acetate, for example, is copolymerized with acrylic monomers and widely used in resins...
Abstract
Acrylic coatings are one of the major generic classes of organic coatings and are prevalent in both architectural and industrial applications. This article provides information on the chemistry of acrylic polymers, the methods used in their manufacture, the relationship between structure and properties when they are formulated into coatings, and how they are being used in coatings. The main discussion points are the differences between solventborne and waterborne technologies and some of the challenges in formulating and applying waterborne acrylic coatings. The article describes the mechanism of film formation of acrylic latex polymers and its effect on final coating properties. It discusses the types of waterborne acrylic latex coatings based on chemical properties and based on applications such as primers, intermediate coats, topcoats, stains, and direct-to-substrate finishes. The article concludes with a description of the advances in the development of waterborne acrylic coatings for maintenance and protective applications.
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