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energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003710
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... structure at atomic resolution Optical microscopy Reflected light is used to generate a magnified image. Macroscopic surface structure details Chemical identity and composition techniques Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) Incident electron beam generates emission of x-rays...
Abstract
This article describes the analytical methods for analyzing surfaces for corrosion and corrosion inhibition processes as well as failure analysis based on surface structure and chemical identity and composition. The principles and applications of the surface-structure analysis techniques, namely, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, are reviewed. The article discusses the principles and applications of chemical identity and composition analysis techniques. These techniques include the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ion scattering spectroscopy, reflectance Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy, Raman and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005685
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
.... These methods include light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. atomic force...
Abstract
This article focuses on the modes of operation, physical basis, sample requirements, properties characterized, advantages, and limitations of the characterization methods used to evaluate the physical morphology and chemical properties of component surfaces for medical devices. These methods include light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05b.a0006063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-172-6
... of KTA-Tator, Inc. Fig. 26 Scanning electron microscope. Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc. Fig. 27 Resolved image acquired by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, with associated spectrum. Courtesy of KTA-Tator, Inc. Fig. 28 Spectrum obtained using...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of common analytical tools used as part of the process of providing practical information regarding the causes of a coating problem or failure. The common analytical tools include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, chromatography, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Test cabinets and standard test environments for laboratory analysis are reviewed. The article describes non-standard simulation testing and case studies of simulated environments for coating failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006770
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... by information on the operating principles and applications of detectors for x-ray spectroscopy, namely energy-dispersive spectrometers, wavelength-dispersive spectrometers, and handheld x-ray fluorescence systems. The processes involved in x-ray analysis in the SEM and handheld x-ray fluorescence analysis...
Abstract
X-ray spectroscopy is generally accepted as the most useful ancillary technique that can be added to any scanning electron microscope (SEM), even to the point of being considered a necessity by most operators. While “stand-alone” x-ray detection systems are used less frequently in failure analysis than the more exact instrumentation employed in SEMs, the technology is advancing and is worthy of note due to its capability for nondestructive analysis and application in the field. This article begins with information on the basis of the x-ray signal. This is followed by information on the operating principles and applications of detectors for x-ray spectroscopy, namely energy-dispersive spectrometers, wavelength-dispersive spectrometers, and handheld x-ray fluorescence systems. The processes involved in x-ray analysis in the SEM and handheld x-ray fluorescence analysis are then covered. The article ends with a discussion on the applications of x-ray spectroscopy in failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006645
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... spectroscopy used for elemental identification and determination. It begins with an overview of the operating principles of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer, as well as a comparison of the operating principles of wavelength-dispersive spectrometer (WDS) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed account of X-ray spectroscopy used for elemental identification and determination. It begins with an overview of the operating principles of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer, as well as a comparison of the operating principles of wavelength-dispersive spectrometer (WDS) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). This is followed by a discussion on the mechanism and effects of X-ray radiation, X-ray emission, and X-ray absorption. The article then discusses components used, operation, and applications of WDS and EDS. Some of the factors and processes involved in sample preparation for XRF analysis are also included. The article further provides information on the practical procedure for and the applications of WDS and EDS qualitative and quantitative analyses.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003522
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... spectroscopy (EDS), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Analysis Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis is normally conducted using a SEM fitted with an x-ray detector...
Abstract
This article focuses on the visual or macroscopic examination of damaged materials and interpretation of damage and fracture features. Analytical tools available for evaluations of corrosion and wear damage features include energy dispersive spectroscopy, electron probe microanalysis, Auger electron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction. The article discusses the analysis and interpretation of base material composition and microstructures. Preparation and examination of metallographic specimens in failure analysis are also discussed. The article concludes with a review of the evaluation of polymers and ceramic materials in failure analysis.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... fractographs ( Fig. 846 ), and a schematic illustrating the selective area polishing technique ( Fig. 847 ). (g) Total includes a tin distribution map obtained by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy ( Fig. 916 ). (h) Miscellaneous metals and alloys include tungsten, iridium, magnesium-base, iron-base...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of how fractographs in this Atlas are organized and presented. It contains a table that lists the distribution content of illustrations for various materials discussed in the Atlas. The causes of fractures for various ferrous and nonferrous alloys and engineered materials are also illustrated.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006678
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... group analysis • … • … • • • • … … • • … … … Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy N … … … N N … … … N … … … … … Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy N D, • • … • N N • • • • • … • … Gas chromatography … … V … V V V V V … V V V N,S...
Abstract
This article briefly discusses popular techniques for metals characterization. It begins with a description of the most common techniques for determining chemical composition of metals, namely X-ray fluorescence, optical emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, high-temperature combustion, and inert gas fusion. This is followed by a section on techniques for determining the atomic structure of crystals, namely X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, and electron diffraction. Types of electron microscopies most commonly used for microstructural analysis of metals, such as scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy, are then reviewed. The article contains tables listing analytical methods used for characterization of metals and alloys and surface analysis techniques. It ends by discussing the objective of metallography.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005716
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... assessment of chemical composition. Most scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are equipped with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy tools to provide compositional information. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy is commonly used to qualitatively or semi-quantitatively evaluate the diffusion of elements...
Abstract
Thermal spray coatings are often modified or treated by a variety of post-coating operations to transform the as-coated material into a final product based on coating composition and application. This article provides a detailed description of the post-coating operations that fall under two basic categories: surface treatments, such as dimensional, non-dimensional, and geometric finishing; and internal treatments, such as sealing, heat treating, and peening. It also describes various inspection and testing methods, including destructive and non-destructive inspections, often employed after post-coating operations.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000615
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... of the base metal. Fig. 824 : Backscattered electron image of ENiCrFe-3 weld metal showing severe interdendritic attack. SEM, 65×. Fig. 825 : Sulfur map of field in Fig. 824 reveals high level of the element in interdendritic regions. Technique used was energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS). 65...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of iron-base superalloys and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the neutron irradiation effect, fracture mode, fracture toughness, sulfidation corrosion failure, and interdendritic attack of gas sampling line couplings of coal-gasification pilot plants of these superalloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006766
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
.... If this information is not available, rapid, nondestructive, semiquantitative techniques such as energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) tools can be used to estimate the material composition in order to allow the chemical analyst to determine the proper techniques...
Abstract
Identification of alloys using quantitative chemical analysis is an essential step during a metallurgical failure analysis process. There are several methods available for quantitative analysis of metal alloys, and the analyst should carefully approach selection of the method used. The choice of appropriate analytical techniques is determined by the specific chemical information required, the condition of the sample, and any limitations imposed by interested parties. This article discusses some of the commonly used quantitative chemical analysis techniques for metals. The discussion covers the operating principles, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of optical emission spectroscopy (OES), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), X-ray spectroscopy, and ion chromatography (IC). In addition, information on combustion analysis and inert gas fusion analysis is provided.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005343
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... depending on small variations in the aluminum and titanium content of low-alloy steel. In-depth understanding of metallurgy is necessary to interpret the analysis of chemical composition against observed failures. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is used with the scanning electron microscope...
Abstract
This article reviews the failure analysis process with specific reference to the considerations that should be addressed when a casting has failed. It describes the failure analysis methodology for three failed cast components: an aluminum bracket, a bronze suction roll, and a steel automotive spindle. The article discusses failure analysis investigation by obtaining casting background information, planning the evaluation and selecting the appropriate casting for analysis, conducting a preliminary examination, conducting the proper material evaluations, and thoroughly evaluating the test data. It concludes with information on case studies that show how the methodology is adapted for differing materials, failure mechanisms, and failure circumstances.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006673
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... along the surface of the part that had contacted the fluid passing through the filter. The degradation zone extended into the cracks, which indicated massive chemical attack. The prepared cross section was analyzed by using energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and the results obtained on the base...
Abstract
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a thermal analysis technique that measures the amount and rate of change in the weight of a material as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere. This article provides a detailed account of the concepts of TGA, covering the various criteria to be considered for specimen preparation and calibration of TGAs. The use of thermogravimetric analysis data in the assessment of failure analysis of plastics and the combined usage of TGA with other techniques to understand the changes in the sample are also covered. The article provides examples of applications and provides information on the interpretation of TGA.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006824
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
.... Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy may be employed to measure the composition of oxidation products to confirm the reactive species involved. Example 11: Oxidation of an Uncoated Industrial Turbine Blade Example 12: Oxidation of a Thermal-Barrier-Coated First-Stage Turbine Vane The protective...
Abstract
This article focuses on common failures of the components associated with the flow path of industrial gas turbines. Examples of steam turbine blade failures are also discussed, because these components share some similarities with gas turbine blading. Some of the analytical methods used in the laboratory portion of the failure investigation are mentioned in the failure examples. The topics covered are creep, localized overheating, thermal-mechanical fatigue, high-cycle fatigue, fretting wear, erosive wear, high-temperature oxidation, hot corrosion, liquid metal embrittlement, and manufacturing and repair deficiencies.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006402
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... ≈1 nm Crystallization in very fine regions (+ energy-dispersive x-ray analysis, + electron energy loss spectroscopy TA Thermal analysis Thermal energy Heat dissipation Microscopic surface structure … Adsorption energy, lubricant deterioration, etc. TEM Transmission electron microscopy...
Abstract
The influence of friction and wear on the function and structure of tribological systems is determined by various types of tribological tests. This article introduces the general categories of tribological testing and describes the basic objectives of testing. It reviews the results of tribological tests, where the system-dependent characteristics of friction and wear data can be expressed in different forms, such as tribographs, transition diagrams, and tribomaps. A summary of various methods of surface analysis is presented in a table. The article discusses the relationship between wear and reliability in terms of exponential distribution, Weibull distribution, and gamma distribution. It concludes with information on the effects of interaction on failure probability.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006760
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... to that of a laboratory-induced exemplar fracture. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) can be used in conjunction with SEM to evaluate the composition of corrosion products, deposits, and the base material. Other articles of this Volume cover EDS in more detail. The guidelines useful for selecting samples...
Abstract
Visual examination, using the unaided eye or a low-power optical magnifier, is typically one of the first steps in a failure investigation. This article presents the guidelines for selecting samples for scanning electron microscope examination and optical metallography and for cleaning fracture surfaces. It discusses damage characterization of metals, covering various factors that influence the damage, namely stress, aggressive environment, temperature, and discontinuities.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003534
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
...: EDS, energy-dispersive spectroscopy; WDS, wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy; AES, Auger electron spectroscopy; XPS, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; TOF-SIMS, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared (spectroscopy) Understanding the various analytical...
Abstract
This article provides information on the chemical characterization of surfaces by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). It describes the basic theory behind each of these techniques, the types of data produced from each, and some typical applications. The article explains the strengths of AES, XPS, and TOF-SIMS based on data obtained from the surface of a slightly corroded stainless steel sheet.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... compounds that might be present in waste-to-energy combustion environments ( Ref 10 ) Analyses using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) performed on the ash deposits and corrosion products formed on the waterwall tube or superheater tube showed...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006782
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
.... Original magnification: 11× Fig. 21 Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy spectrum of a bungee cord fractured surface showing fillers to be calcium carbonate type Fig. 19 (a) Failed and (b) exemplar bungee cords Fig. 20 Bungee cord strands at failure showing broken appearance...
Abstract
Corrosion is the deterioration of a material by a reaction of that material with its environment. The realization that corrosion control can be profitable has been acknowledged repeatedly by industry, typically following costly business interruptions. This article describes the electrochemical nature of corrosion and provides the typical analysis of environmental- and corrosion-related failures. It presents common methods of testing of laboratory corrosion and discusses the processes involved in the prevention of environmental- and corrosion-related failures of metals and nonmetals.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006649
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... ● ● ● ● … … S ● ● ● S … … S High-temperature combustion G … … G G G … … G G G … … … Density analysis (liquid and gas volume methods) … … … ● ● ● … … ● … … … … … Electron backscatter diffraction … ● ● ● … ● ● … ● ● S ● S ● Energy-dispersive x-ray...
Abstract
This article uses metal and alloy powders as examples to briefly discuss how to perform the characterization of powders. It begins by reviewing some of the techniques involved in the sampling of powders to ensure accurate characterization. This is followed by a discussion on the important properties to characterize powders, namely the particle size, surface area, density, porosity, particle hardness, compressibility, green strength, and flowability. For characterization of powders, both individual particles and bulk powders are used to evaluate their physical and chemical properties. The article also discusses the important characteristics and compositions of powder as well as impurities that directly affect powder properties. It ends with a description of the ignition and dust-explosion characteristics of organic and metal powders.