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encapsulated gas-atomized spherical powder
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Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006042
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
.... The article describes the available process routes for fabricating products using HIP and the steps involved in the production of a part via direct HIP of encapsulated gas-atomized spherical powder. It concludes with information on the microstructures of 316L stainless steel HIP powder metallurgy valve body...
Abstract
This article discusses metal powder processing via hot isostatic pressing (HIP) and HIP cladding when metal powders are being employed in the cladding process. It traces the history of the process and details the equipment, pressing cycle, and densification mechanisms for HIP. The article describes the available process routes for fabricating products using HIP and the steps involved in the production of a part via direct HIP of encapsulated gas-atomized spherical powder. It concludes with information on the microstructures of 316L stainless steel HIP powder metallurgy valve body and a list of the mechanical properties of several powder metallurgy alloys.
Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 10 Flowchart of steps involved in the production of a part via direct HIP of encapsulated gas-atomized spherical powder. Capsule filling is usually performed while the container is attached to or rests on a vibratory device. During bakeout, a dynamic vacuum is maintained on the filled
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Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 8 Flow chart showing the relationship between the powder making process and available process routes. Powder making processes such as gas atomization, centrifugal atomization, and plasma rotating electrode process (PREP) produce near-spherical powder that fills volume efficiently, making
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Image
Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 9 Scanning electron microscope images of (a) gas-atomized and (b) water-atomized 410 stainless steel powder. Spherical powder fills volume more efficiently than irregular-shaped powder, making it a better choice to produce net and near-net shapes via encapsulated HIP. Irregular-shaped
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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... of spherical (gas atomized) Ti-6Al-4V particles. Fig. 8 Scanning electron micrograph of electrolytic iron powder. 75×. Source: Ref 5 Fig. 9 Particles (+8 mesh) of copper powder hammer milled from oxide-reduced sinter cake. Source: Ref 5 Fig. 10 Effect of milling time on particle...
Abstract
This article focuses on the significant fundamental powder characteristics, which include particle size, particle size distribution, particle shape, and powder purity, followed by an overview of general and individual powder production processes such as mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, atomizing, oxide reduction, and thermal decomposition processes. It also covers the consolidation of powders by pressing and sintering, as well as by high density methods. Further emphasis is provided on the distinguishing features of powders, their manufacturing processes, compacting processes, and consolidated part properties. In addition, a glossary of powder metallurgy terms is included.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005727
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... by passing carbon monoxide at a high temperature over the heated metal. Precipitation of the vapor gives rise to a powder. Powders are also produced by disintegration of a molten metal by a gas jet or water at high pressure (i.e., atomization). The key methods of producing powder are the atomization...
Abstract
This article discusses three types of powder-feeder systems that are commonly used throughout the thermal spray (TS) industry: gravity-based devices, rotating wheel devices, and fluidized-bed systems. It provides information on the various mechanical methods for producing powders, namely, crushing, milling, attriting, and machining. The article describes two prime methods of agglomeration. One method uses a binder by way of agglutination, while the other relies on a sintering operation. The article discusses the technology and principles of the processes that relate to thermal spraying, and offers an understanding for choosing particular feedstock materials that are classified based on the thermal spray process, material morphology, chemical nature of the material, and applications. Sieving, the most common method of separating powders into their size fractions, is also reviewed. The article also provides information on the topical areas and precautions to be undertaken to protect the operator from safety hazards.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006058
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... beryllium strength and the inverse square root of grain size. Source: Ref 4 Aluminum-Beryllium and Beryllium Inert Gas Atomization Inert gas atomization of beryllium, which produces a spherical powder particle morphology ( Fig. 7 ), was developed in the mid-1980s, particularly to further...
Abstract
This article briefly describes the production of beryllium powder and beryllium/beryllium oxide metal-matrix powder. It discusses fully dense consolidation methods: vacuum hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing, and cold isostatic pressing. Secondary fabrication operations of beryllium and aluminum-beryllium alloys such as extrusion, rolling, welding, joining, and machining are discussed. The article discusses quality control and provides information on the structural, optical, and high-purity grades of beryllium.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... ( − Q R T ) where Q is the activation for the diffusion process, R is the gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature. Because of the lower coordination of the atoms at the grain boundaries, for a given material, the activation energy for grain boundary diffusion is commonly lower...
Abstract
Sintering is a thermal treatment process in which a powder or a porous material, already formed into the required shape, is converted into a useful article with the requisite microstructure. Sintering can be classified as solid-state, viscous, liquid-phase, and pressure-assisted (or pressure) sintering. This article provides information on the mechanisms and theoretical analysis of sintering and focuses on the types, mechanisms, process and microstructural variables, computer simulation, stages, and fundamentals of densification and grain growth of solid-state sintering and liquid-phase sintering. It describes the models for viscous sintering and the methods used in pressure-assisted sintering, namely, uniaxial hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing, sinter forging, and spark plasma sintering.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006140
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... powder metallurgy process modeling titanium components THE PREALLOYED (PA) powder metallurgy (PM) approach involves use of prealloyed powder, generally spherical in shape, which has been produced by melting. Either a technique such as the plasma rotating electrode processing (PREP) or gas...
Abstract
Prealloyed (PA) powder metallurgy is a technique where complex near-net shape titanium aircraft components are fabricated with low buy-to-fly ratios. This article describes the physical principle, mechanism, and simulation and modeling of metal can and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) processes involved in the PA powder metallurgy technique. It discusses the technical problems addressed in shape control and their solutions for understanding the advantages of powder metallurgy HIP.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006052
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... oxidation. The coldstream process ( Ref 12 ) is a step toward higher-purity powder, whereby comminution is accomplished by accelerating crushed scrap parts (<4 mm, or 0.16 in., in size) in a high-pressure gas stream (air) and allowing them to strike a target. The resulting fractured powder...
Abstract
This article discusses the methods and procedures used to extract, purify, and synthesize tungsten carbide powder, metal, and other refractory carbide/nitride powders used in hard metal production. Selection of powders, additives, equipment, and processes for making ready-to-press hard metal powders is also discussed. The article also provides information on the emerging technologies for tungsten carbide synthesis and binders in hard metal production, such as cobalt, iron, and nickel.
Book Chapter
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005748
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... of electrical current by a rapidly moving gas or liquid stream or ferent values of a property in different crossing the gap between two electrodes. by other means. directions. arc chamber. The con ned space within the atomization (thermal spraying). The division annealed powder. A metallic powder that is plasma...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006552
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... defects in as-printed AM material contain argon gas. Defects filled with argon can occur in several ways in additively manufactured material produced using different AM technologies. For AM technologies that use powder feedstock, one source of argon is the powder itself. Powder atomized by using argon gas...
Abstract
Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is widely used within the additive manufacturing (AM) industry to improve material performance and ensure quality. This article is a detailed account of the HIP process, providing information on its equipment set up and discussing the applications, economics, and advantages of the process. The discussion also covers the use of HIP for additively manufactured material to eliminate internal defects, the HIP parameters required to eliminate internal defects, and the influence of HIP on the microstructure and properties of HIP additively manufactured material.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... gravity powder-feed devices. Gas-atomized powders generally are spherical in shape and prone to satellite formation. Water-atomized powders can be irregular or spherical in shape, depending on the alloy used and the quenching rate. Surface oxidation is a potential problem with water-atomized powder...
Abstract
Metals and alloy powders are used in welding, hardfacing, brazing, and soldering applications, which include hardface coatings, the manufacturing of welding stick electrodes and flux-cored wires, and additives in brazing pastes or creams. This article reviews these applications and the specific powder properties and characteristics they require.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 18
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v18.a0006364
EISBN: 978-1-62708-192-4
... strong abrasion 6 Ni + Cr 3 C 2 … … NiCrAlY HVOF, APS, VPS High-temperature corrosion resistance, gas turbine blades, buffer layers for ZrO 2 coatings 7 Iron-base alloys Low-C steel/construction steel Use as cast wear plates, MMA, GMAW, GTMW, SAW Repair and maintenance welding...
Abstract
This article provides a brief introduction to abrasive wear-resistant coating materials that contain a large amount of hard phases, such as borides, carbides, or carboborides. It describes some of the commonly used methods of producing thick wear-resistant coatings. The article also provides information on metal-matrix composites and cemented carbides. The three base-alloying concepts, including cobalt-, iron-, and nickel-base alloys used for wear-protection applications, are also described. The article compares the tribomechanical properties of the materials in a qualitative manner, thus allowing a rough materials selection for practitioners. It presents a brief discussion on hot isostatic pressing (HIP) cladding, sinter cladding, and manufacturing of thick wear-resistant coatings by extrusion or ring rolling. The article also discusses the processing sequence of thick wear-resistant coatings, namely, compound casting, deposition welding, and thermal spraying.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.9781627081719
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006018
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... inflators use sodium azide and iron oxide powder as the propellant. It is important in this application that the gas produced be inert because it is exhausted into the interior of a vehicle during use. The reaction is: 2 NaN 3 + 0.33 Fe 2 O 3 → 0.67 Fe + Na 2 O + 3...
Abstract
Metal powders are used as fuels in solid propellants, fillers in various materials, such as polymers or other binder systems, and for material substitution. They are also used in food enrichment, environmental remediation market, and magnetic, electrical, and medical application areas. This article reviews some of the diverse and emerging applications of ferrous and nonferrous powders. It also discusses the functions of copier powders and the processes used frequently for copier powder coating.
Book: Thermal Spray Technology
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05a.a0005738
EISBN: 978-1-62708-171-9
... that encapsulates the graphite core inside a nickel shell to form a continuous cladding. A wide range of coating hardnesses can be obtained by different nickel-to-graphite ratios and by adjusting spray parameters. Figure 5 shows typical coating microstructures that are flame sprayed using different gas flow...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of key abradable thermal spray coating systems based on predominant function and key design criteria. It describes two families of coatings which have evolved for use at higher temperature: flame (combustion)-sprayed abradable powders and atmospheric plasma-sprayed abradable powders. Three classic examples of flame spray abradables are nickel-graphite powders, NiCrAl-bentonite powders, and NiCrFeAl-boron nitride powders. The article provides information on various abradable coating testing procedures, namely, abradable incursion testing; aging, corrosion, thermal cycle and thermal shock testing; hardness testing; and erosion resistance testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003054
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... resistance, and other properties. This article discusses the fundamentals of sintering and its effects on pore structures and particle density. It addresses some of the more common sintering methods, including solid-state, liquid-phase, and gas pressure sintering, and presents alternative processes...
Abstract
Sintering provides the interparticle bonding that generates the attractive forces needed to hold together the otherwise loose ceramic powder mass. It also improves hardness, strength, transparency, toughness, electrical conductivity, thermal expansion, magnetic saturation, corrosion resistance, and other properties. This article discusses the fundamentals of sintering and its effects on pore structures and particle density. It addresses some of the more common sintering methods, including solid-state, liquid-phase, and gas pressure sintering, and presents alternative processes such as reaction sintering and self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis. It also describes several pressure densification methods, including hot isostatic pressing, gas pressure sintering, molten particle deposition, and sol-gel processing. The article concludes with a section on grain growth that discusses the underlying mechanisms and kinetics and the relationship between grain growth and densification.
Book Chapter
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... directional recrystallization. Superalloys Extrusion is commonly used to consolidate superalloy powders into billet stock for subsequent forging operations ( Ref 35 , 36 ). Typical processing includes containerization of gas-atomized powder, hot compaction by forging to approximately 94...
Abstract
This article focuses on direct extrusion processing where metal powders undergo plastic deformation, usually at an elevated temperature, to produce a densified and elongated form having structural integrity. It provides information on the basic powder extrusion processes and the mechanics of extrusion. The article also examines specific extrusion practices for the production of wrought material from powder stock and provides examples of materials processed by powder extrusion.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006022
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... There are three main methods of powder production: Mechanical, including machining, milling, and mechanical alloying Chemical, including electrolytic deposition, decomposition of a solid by a gas, thermal decomposition, precipitation from a liquid, precipitation from a gas, solid-solid reactive synthesis...
Abstract
This article reviews various segments of the powder metallurgy (PM) process from powder production and powder processing through the characterization of the materials and their properties. It covers the processing methods for consolidating metal powders including options for processing to full density. The article outlines the freeform fabrication process, also known as additive manufacturing and describes finishing operations of PM parts. It concludes with information on the applications of PM parts.
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