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Technical Publications Committee of the Porcelain Enamel Institute, Inc. , John C. Oliver, Douglas D. Giese, Jeffrey F. Wright, Ronald L. Allen ...
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Book Chapter
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001316
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... glazes. The article provides information on the classification of pigments and the applications of ceramic coatings for decorations on ceramic and glass surfaces. ceramic coatings ceramic decorations ceramic substrates enamel coatings glass substrates glazes lead-containing glazes leadless...
Abstract
This article focuses on the ceramic coatings for ceramic and glass substrates. It describes the role of oxides in glazes and discusses the optical and appearance properties of various types of glazes, such as leadless glazes, lead-containing glazes, opaque glazes, and satin and matte glazes. The article provides information on the classification of pigments and the applications of ceramic coatings for decorations on ceramic and glass surfaces.
Image
in Metallography and Microstructures of Low-Carbon and Coated Steels
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 53 Microstructure of a low-carbon sheet with a two-part enamel coating. (a) Without backlighting. (b) With backlighting through the epoxy mount to differentiate the coating from the mount. The bubbles are desired for trapping hydrogen gas.
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Image
in Metallography and Microstructures of Low-Carbon and Coated Steels
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 54 Microstructure of an enamel coating, same as Fig. 53 shown with dark-field illumination to illustrate the ground coat
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Image
in Metallography and Microstructures of Low-Carbon and Coated Steels
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 55 Defect in an enamel coating on a low-carbon steel. (a) Defect shown through coating as a line in this macrograph (scale in mm). (b) Cause of line defect shown in (a). As-polished. 200×. Courtesy of Samuel Lawrence, International Steel Group
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Image
in Metallography and Microstructures of Low-Carbon and Coated Steels
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 56 Microstructure of a defect in an enamel coating on a low-carbon sheet. (a) Bright-field illumination. (b) Dark-field illumination. 2% nital etch. 100×
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003683
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Porcelain enamels are glass coatings applied primarily to products or parts made of sheet steel, cast iron, or aluminum to improve appearance and to protect the metal surface. This article provides information on the types and properties of the porcelain enamels and frits for porcelain...
Abstract
Porcelain enamels are glass coatings applied primarily to products or parts made of sheet steel, cast iron, or aluminum to improve appearance and to protect the metal surface. This article provides information on the types and properties of the porcelain enamels and frits for porcelain enameling. It describes the corrosion resistance of the porcelain enamels in a variety of environments. Evaluation of properties of the porcelain-enameled products to control specifications and quality of porcelain-enamel coatings is also reviewed. The article contains a table that lists the specific test methods for evaluating various properties of porcelain enamels.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003810
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... induced corrosion, and stress-corrosion cracking. The cast irons suitable for the common corrosive environments are also discussed. The article reviews the coatings used on cast irons to enhance corrosion resistance, such as metallic, organic, conversion, and enamel coatings. It explains the basic...
Abstract
This article discusses the five basic matrix structures in cast irons: ferrite, pearlite, bainite, martensite, and austenite. The alloying elements, used to enhance the corrosion resistance of cast irons, including silicon, nickel, chromium, copper, molybdenum, vanadium, and titanium, are reviewed. The article provides information on classes of the cast irons based on corrosion resistance. It describes the various forms of corrosion in cast irons, including graphitic corrosion, fretting corrosion, pitting and crevice corrosion, intergranular attack, erosion-corrosion, microbiologically induced corrosion, and stress-corrosion cracking. The cast irons suitable for the common corrosive environments are also discussed. The article reviews the coatings used on cast irons to enhance corrosion resistance, such as metallic, organic, conversion, and enamel coatings. It explains the basic parameters to be considered before selecting the cast irons for corrosion services.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... to enhance corrosion resistance: metallic, organic, conversion, and enamel coatings. alloying cast iron chromium conversion coating copper corrosion resistance crevice corrosion enamel coatings erosion-corrosion fretting corrosion graphitic corrosion intergranular corrosion metallic...
Abstract
Cast irons provide excellent resistance to a wide range of corrosion environments when properly matched with that service environment. This article presents basic parameters to be considered before selecting cast irons for corrosion services. Alloying elements can play a dominant role in the susceptibility of cast irons to corrosion attack. The article discusses the various alloying elements, such as silicon, nickel, chromium, copper, and molybdenum, that enhance the corrosion resistance of cast irons. Cast irons exhibit the same general forms of corrosion as other metals and alloys. The article reviews the various forms of corrosions, such as graphitic corrosion, fretting corrosion, pitting and crevice corrosion, intergranular attack, erosion-corrosion, microbiologically induced corrosion, and stress-corrosion cracking. It discusses the four general categories of coatings used on cast irons to enhance corrosion resistance: metallic, organic, conversion, and enamel coatings.
Book Chapter
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Porcelain enamels are glass coatings applied primarily to products or parts made of sheet steel, cast iron, and aluminum to improve appearance and to protect the metal surface. This article describes the types of porcelain enamels, and details enamel frits for these materials...
Abstract
Porcelain enamels are glass coatings applied primarily to products or parts made of sheet steel, cast iron, and aluminum to improve appearance and to protect the metal surface. This article describes the types of porcelain enamels, and details enamel frits for these materials. It provides a list of steels suitable for porcelain enameling and discusses the most important factors considered in the selection of steel for porcelain enameling. The article briefly presents the preparation methods of these materials for porcelain enameling and covers the methods, and furnaces of porcelain enameling. It examines the role of coating thickness, firing time and temperature, metal substrate, and color on the performance of enameled surfaces. The article concludes with a discussion on the properties of enameled surfaces, factors considered in process control, and test procedures for evaluating the quality of enameled surfaces.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006528
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... Abstract Porcelain enamel is a fusion bonded glass coating that resists chemical and abrasive attack, provides thermal and electrical insulation, and improves aesthetic qualities. It is used on cast iron as well as steel and aluminum alloys. This article provides a review of the porcelain...
Abstract
Porcelain enamel is a fusion bonded glass coating that resists chemical and abrasive attack, provides thermal and electrical insulation, and improves aesthetic qualities. It is used on cast iron as well as steel and aluminum alloys. This article provides a review of the porcelain enameling process, the composition of frits, and the preparation of coating substrates. It also provides information on chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties and sheds light on process consistency and quality control.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003761
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... sheet steel with a porcelain enamel layer to protect the steel from corrosion and to enhance surface appeal. These enameled steels are used in kitchen appliances (stovetops, ovens, sinks, etc.) and in lavatory fixtures (bathtubs and sinks). The food industry uses organic coatings or a metallic tin...
Abstract
This article reviews various phases and constituents found in the microstructures of low-carbon and coated steels. It provides information on the criteria for selecting proper metallographic procedures. Techniques used to prepare metallographic specimens of low-carbon steels and coated steels, such as sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching, are discussed. The article also reviews the simple and proven manual sample preparation techniques of coated steel specimens.
Image
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 4 Radius of curvature, two-coat enameling process. A minimum radius of 4.8 mm ( 3 16 in.) must be maintained at flanges, corners, and embossments to minimize assembly and field damage to parts coated by the two-coat enameling process.
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Image
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 5 Radius of curvature, one-coat enameling process. A minimum radius of 3.2 mm ( 1 8 in.) must be maintained at flanges, corners, and embossments to minimize assembly and field damage to parts coated by the one-coat enameling process.
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Image
Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 9 Ground-coat enameling, acid-etch/nickel-deposition process (dip or spray application) No. Solution Composition Temperature Cycle time, min °C °F Dip Spray 1 Alkaline cleaner (a) Cleaner, 15–60 g/L (2–8 oz/gal) (b) Ambient to 100 (c) Ambient to 212 (c) 6–12
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Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 7 Ground-coat enameling, acid-etch/nickel-deposition process (dip or spray application) No. Solution Composition Temperature Cycle time, min °C °F Dip Spray 1 Alkaline cleaner (a) Cleaner, 15–60 g/L (2–8 oz/gal) (b) Ambient to 100 (c) Ambient to 212 (c) 6–12
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003672
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... the environment and the metal. Inorganic coatings include enamels, glass linings, and conversion coatings. Porcelain enamel coatings are inert in water and resistant to most weather. They are common on appliances and plumbing fixtures. Glass-lined metals are used in process industries where there is concern over...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003094
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... applications that require the mechanical properties normally obtained by heat treatment. Steel sheet is coated in coil form before fabrication either by the steel mills or by specialists called coil coaters. Porcelain enamels are glass coatings applied primarily to products or parts made of sheet steel, cast...
Abstract
Low-carbon steel sheet and strip are used primarily in consumer goods. This article discusses quality descriptors and mechanical properties of low-carbon steel sheet and strip and carbon and low-alloy steel plate. Alloy steel sheet and strip are used primarily for those special applications that require the mechanical properties normally obtained by heat treatment. Steel sheet is coated in coil form before fabrication either by the steel mills or by specialists called coil coaters. Porcelain enamels are glass coatings applied primarily to products or parts made of sheet steel, cast iron, or aluminum to improve appearance and to protect the metal surface.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003217
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and their application. It also provides information on weld-overlay and thermal spray coating, porcelain enameling, and the preparation of enamel frits for steels. The article closes by describing methods and materials for ceramic coating. ceramic coatings chemical conversion coatings continuous...
Abstract
There are various coating techniques in practice to prevent the deterioration of steels. This article focuses on dip, barrier, and chemical conversion coatings and describes hot-dip processes for coating carbon steels with zinc, aluminum, lead-tin, and other alloys. It describes continuous electrodeposition for steel strip and babbitting and discusses phosphate and chromate conversion coatings as well. It also addresses painting, discussing types and selection, surface preparation, and application methods. In addition, the article describes rust-preventive compounds and their application. It also provides information on weld-overlay and thermal spray coating, porcelain enameling, and the preparation of enamel frits for steels. The article closes by describing methods and materials for ceramic coating.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.9781627081702
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
Book Chapter
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0005585
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
...) The change occur- aluminizing. Forming of an aluminum or alumi- anodic protection. (1) A techuique to reduce the ring in porcelain enamel slips or powders with num alloy coating on a metal by hot dipping, corrosion rate of a metal by polarizing it into the lapse of time. (3) In heat treatment, a hot spraying...