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Published: 31 October 2011
Image
Published: 01 January 1993
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005626
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... welding and reviews the equipment used in the process. It discusses projection welding of copper and copper alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, and steels. The article provides several specifications and recommended weld schedules and practices for projection welding. It describes the embossed...
Abstract
Projection welding is a variation of resistance welding in which current flow is concentrated at the point of contact with a local geometric extension of one (or both) of the parts being welded. This article focuses on the process fundamentals, advantages, and limitations of projection welding and reviews the equipment used in the process. It discusses projection welding of copper and copper alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, and steels. The article provides several specifications and recommended weld schedules and practices for projection welding. It describes the embossed-projection welding of heavy-, intermediate-, and thin-gage sheet mild steel as well as the welds between dissimilar thickness joints. The article also considers the solid-projection welding of steels: annular, nut, and cross-wire projection configurations. It also details the various tests that can be used to validate projection weld quality.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001364
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Projection welding (PW) is a variation of resistance welding in which current flow is concentrated at the point of contact with a local geometric extension of one (or both) of the parts being welded. This article discusses the applications of PW generally categorized as either embossed...
Abstract
Projection welding (PW) is a variation of resistance welding in which current flow is concentrated at the point of contact with a local geometric extension of one (or both) of the parts being welded. This article discusses the applications of PW generally categorized as either embossed-projection welding or solid-projection welding. Different projection-welding configurations are schematically presented and the common variations of solid-projection welding are described. The article describes equipment used and the process requirement for the PW. The process requirements for projection welding of a range of intermediate-gage low-carbon steels are presented in a table.
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Examples of coined embossed-projection designs. Source: American Welding So...
Available to PurchasePublished: 31 October 2011
Fig. 7 Examples of coined embossed-projection designs. Source: American Welding Society and International Institute of Welding recommended projection designs, circa 1950s
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Development of weld nugget during projection welding of embossed spherical ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Image
Formation of a weld nugget during projection welding of an embossed spheric...
Available to Purchase
in Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Resistance Welding[1]
> Welding, Brazing, and Soldering
Published: 01 January 1993
Fig. 14 Formation of a weld nugget during projection welding of an embossed spherical projection. See text for explanation.
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Image
Published: 31 October 2011
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005593
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... of projections are typically used with these processes ( Ref 2 ). These include embossed and solid projection welding. Embossed projections are often used with sheet components. The projections are then stamped into one of the two components. Embossed projection welding has been studied extensively ( Ref 3...
Abstract
This article provides a fundamentals-based description of solid-state resistance projection welding. It details simple analytical tools to understand the variety of mechanisms that occur during resistance projection welding. Factors relating to the quality of solid projection are discussed, in addition to an explanation of the mechanisms of bonding for solid projection welding. The article reviews how these mechanisms are affected by heat balance, current profile, and mechanical characteristics of the welding equipment. It also presents the design of projection welding mechanical systems.
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Relation of weld nuggets to embossed regions of metal sheets used in projec...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1998
Fig. 6 Relation of weld nuggets to embossed regions of metal sheets used in projection welding. (a) Electrical circuit loop is completed when current travels through embossed projection contact points. (b) Addition of pressure after welding current is turned off causes plastic deformation
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Relation of weld nuggets to embossed regions of metal sheets used in projec...
Available to Purchase
in Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Resistance Welding[1]
> Welding, Brazing, and Soldering
Published: 01 January 1993
Fig. 12 Relation of weld nuggets to embossed regions of metal sheets used in projection welding. (a) Electrical circuit loop is completed when current travels through embossed projection contact points. (b) Addition of pressure after welding current is turned off causes plastic deformation
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Book Chapter
Resistance Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... to RSW, in which current flow and heating are localized by one or both electrode contact faces, which determine the location, size, and shape of the weld produced. Fig. 6 Relation of weld nuggets to embossed regions of metal sheets used in projection welding. (a) Electrical circuit loop...
Abstract
This article presents a detailed account of the welding parameters, equipment needed, applications, advantages, limitations, and the process variables affecting various types of resistance welding operations, namely, resistance spot welding, resistance seam welding, resistance projection welding, and flash welding.
Book Chapter
Procedure Development and Practice Considerations for Resistance Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001443
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... are localized by one or both electrode contact faces, which determine the location, size, and shape of the weld produced. Fig. 12 Relation of weld nuggets to embossed regions of metal sheets used in projection welding. (a) Electrical circuit loop is completed when current travels through embossed...
Abstract
Resistance welding (RW) encompasses a group of processes in which the heat for welding is generated by the resistance to the flow of electrical current through the parts being joined. The three major resistance welding processes are resistance spot welding (RSW), resistance seam welding (RSEW), and projection welding (PW). This article addresses the considerations for using these processes to join specific types of materials. It discusses the process variations, applicability, advantages, and limitations of these resistance welding processes. The article provides information on flash welding, high-frequency resistance welding, and capacitor discharge stud welding. It concludes with a discussion on resistance welding of stainless steels, aluminum alloys, and copper and copper alloys.
Book Chapter
Forming of Steel Strip in Multiple-Slide Machines
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... station. Trimming the blank outline; piercing holes; embossing ribs, weld projections, and hole flanges; and stamping letters and numerals are done before the blank is cut off and formed. The blank is severed from the strip by cutting off, parting, or blanking methods. Dies Dies used in multiple...
Abstract
Multiple-slide forming is a process in which the workpiece is progressively formed in a combination of units that can be used in various ways for the automated fabrication of a large variety of simple and intricately shaped parts from coil stock or wire. This article discusses the components of multiple-slide rotary forming machines involved in the blanking and forming of strip stock. It describes a complicated application of the two-level forming, with an example.
Book Chapter
Glossary of Terms: Welding Fundamentals and Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005646
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... in a joint with a groove weld. crater A depression at the termination of a of the nugget, that tears out in the destructive complete penetration A nonstandard term for weld bead. testing of spot, seam, or projection welded complete joint penetration. specimens. concavity The maximum distance from the cutting...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of definitions for terms related to welding fundamentals and all welding processes. The processes include arc and resistance welding, friction stir welding, laser beam welding, explosive welding, and ultrasonic welding.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006510
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... thickness mismatches and those involving several close-spaced simultaneous welds can be projection welded. Projection welding applications are generally categorized as embossed projection welding and solid projection welding. Aluminum and aluminum alloys can be difficult to projection weld, because...
Abstract
Weldability is a function of three major factors: base material quality, welding process, and design. This article focuses on base-metal weldability of aluminum alloys in terms of mechanical property degradation in both the weld region and heat-affected zone, weld porosity, and susceptibility to solidification cracking and liquation cracking. It provides an overview on welding processes, including gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, resistance spot and seam welding, laser beam welding, and various solid-state welding processes. A review on joint design is also included, mainly in the general factors associated with service weldability (fitness). The article also provides a discussion on the selection and weldability of non-heat-treatable aluminum alloys, heat treatable aluminum alloys, aluminum-lithium alloys, and aluminum metal-matrix composites.
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.9781627081740
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005552
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... to form a seam Projection welding (PW): Where weld nuggets are localized at embossments or other raised portions (projections) of sheets being stacked Percussion welding (PEW): Also know as capacitor-discharge welding, where a sudden discharge of electrical energy stored in a capacitor is used...
Abstract
This article overviews the classification of welding processes and the key process embodiments for joining by various fusion welding processes: fusion welding with chemical sources for heating; fusion welding with electrical energy sources, such as arc welding or resistance welding; and fusion welding with directed energy sources, such as laser welding, electron beam welding. The article reviews the different types of nonfusion welding processes, regardless of the particular energy source, which is usually mechanical but can be chemical, and related subprocesses of brazing and soldering.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... plates in the 1930s. Between approximately 1950 and the early 1970s, the United States government funded numerous studies on the development and application of high-velocity forming. The U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) invested heavily in explosive forming technology in the mid...
Abstract
This article emphasizes the traits that are common to high-velocity forming operations. It describes general principles on how metal forming is accomplished and analyzed when inertial forces are large. The article discusses the principal methods of high-velocity forming, such as explosive forming, electrohydraulic forming, and electromagnetic forming. It provides examples that illustrate how these methods can be practically applied. The article concludes with information on the status and development potential for the technology.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002426
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
..., shafts, wires, pipes, etc.) Holes, windows, grooves Control or regulate the passage of Fluids Nozzles, orifices, pipes, ducts Light Shutters, wheels Indicate Clock hands, instrument needles, colors, embossing Locate or guide Grooves, holes, bosses, tabs, slots In addition...
Abstract
This article discusses the conceptual and configuration design of special-purpose parts that are designed and manufactured especially for use in a particular application. It provides a discussion on the issues considered in designing of parts, including, functionality; the relationship of the part to the whole assembly or subassembly; material and process selection; configuration; and tolerances. The article discusses the qualitative physical reasoning and qualitative reasoning that assist in developing part configuration alternatives.
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