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Fig. 3 Photoejection of K electrons by higher energy radiation and L electrons by lower energy radiation. More

Fig. 9 Photoejection of K-electrons by higher-energy radiation and L-electrons by lower-energy radiation More

Fig. 6 Generation of a high self-bias and a plasma using accelerated electrons, an electrically isolated substrate holder, and a confining magnetic field. The vaporization source is a differentially pumped e-beam evaporator. More

Fig. 4 Interaction of electrons with material. EB, electron beam More

Fig. 14 Components of a hot-filament ionization gage. (a) Movement of electrons and ions in relation to the filament cathode. (b) Simplified electrical circuit of the device. (c) Typical gage construction. A tungsten- or thoria-coated filament cathode emits a current of approximately 5 mA More

Fig. 15 Components of a cold-cathode discharge gage. (a) Movement of electrons in relation to the magnetic field. (b) Typical gage construction showing cathode body and anode flange. PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene More

Fig. 107 EELS spectrum obtained with 120-kV electrons from iron implanted with 2 × 10 17 Ti/cm 2 (180 keV) plus 2 × 10 17 N/cm 2 (40 keV). A plasmon peak at 25 eV follows the zero-loss peak, and carbon, nitrogen, titanium, oxygen, and iron edges are observed on the falling background More

Fig. 16 The energy distribution of emitted electrons at (a) low beam energy (around 1 keV) and (b) a higher beam energy (around 5 keV). More

Fig. 18 The sample volume producing inelastically backscattered electrons and Kα x-rays in iron with a 20-keV beam. More

Fig. 20 Four types of electrons detected by the secondary electron detector. More

Fig. 10 Mean free path for inelastic scattering of electrons as a function of energy. Electrons in the LEED energy range travel only of the order of 4 to 20 Å in the crystal before losing energy and thus becoming lost for diffraction. Surface sensitivity is a consequence of this behavior. More

Fig. 2 Monte Carlo projections of the trajectory of incident electrons (top) and emitted x-rays (bottom). Projections are for tungsten (left) and aluminum (right). Note the effect of specimen tilt on the location of the excitation volume. More

Fig. 5 Phase difference in scattering from different electrons within an atom. More

Fig. 4 Emission of (a) secondary electrons as a function of angle of incidence and (b) backscattered electrons as a function of atomic number More

Fig. 8 Simulation of beam spreading of 20 keV electrons in zinc More

Fig. 3 Example of a fretting scar in steel imaged with backscattered electrons. The dark contrast area is indicative of the presence of an oxide bed. More

Fig. 2 Anodic electrocleaning. Four electrons are discharged by four hydroxyl (OH) − ions at the anode, or workpiece, to liberate one molecule of oxygen (O 2 ). More

Fig. 3 Cathodic electrocleaning. Reaction of electrons with positively charged hydrogen ions results in liberation of hydrogen gas. More

Fig. 7 (a) Hydrogen ions take electrons from the oxidation reaction, leading to continuous metal dissolution in an acidic solution. (b) Wear of 1030 carbon steel tested (pin-on-disc) in different solutions: oil + H 2 O (10 mL oil + 2 mL H 2 O), oil + NaCl (10 mL oil + 2 mL saturated NaCl More

Fig. 4 Emission of (a) secondary electrons as a function of angle of incidence and (b) backscattered electrons as a function of atomic number More