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Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 3 Photoejection of K electrons by higher energy radiation and L electrons by lower energy radiation. More
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Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 9 Photoejection of K-electrons by higher-energy radiation and L-electrons by lower-energy radiation More
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Published: 01 January 1994
Fig. 6 Generation of a high self-bias and a plasma using accelerated electrons, an electrically isolated substrate holder, and a confining magnetic field. The vaporization source is a differentially pumped e-beam evaporator. More
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Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 4 Interaction of electrons with material. EB, electron beam More
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Published: 30 September 2014
Fig. 14 Components of a hot-filament ionization gage. (a) Movement of electrons and ions in relation to the filament cathode. (b) Simplified electrical circuit of the device. (c) Typical gage construction. A tungsten- or thoria-coated filament cathode emits a current of approximately 5 mA More
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Published: 30 September 2014
Fig. 15 Components of a cold-cathode discharge gage. (a) Movement of electrons in relation to the magnetic field. (b) Typical gage construction showing cathode body and anode flange. PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene More
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Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 107 EELS spectrum obtained with 120-kV electrons from iron implanted with 2 × 10 17 Ti/cm 2 (180 keV) plus 2 × 10 17 N/cm 2 (40 keV). A plasmon peak at 25 eV follows the zero-loss peak, and carbon, nitrogen, titanium, oxygen, and iron edges are observed on the falling background More
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Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 16 The energy distribution of emitted electrons at (a) low beam energy (around 1 keV) and (b) a higher beam energy (around 5 keV). More
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Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 18 The sample volume producing inelastically backscattered electrons and Kα x-rays in iron with a 20-keV beam. More
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Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 20 Four types of electrons detected by the secondary electron detector. More
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Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 10 Mean free path for inelastic scattering of electrons as a function of energy. Electrons in the LEED energy range travel only of the order of 4 to 20 Å in the crystal before losing energy and thus becoming lost for diffraction. Surface sensitivity is a consequence of this behavior. More
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Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 2 Monte Carlo projections of the trajectory of incident electrons (top) and emitted x-rays (bottom). Projections are for tungsten (left) and aluminum (right). Note the effect of specimen tilt on the location of the excitation volume. More
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Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 5 Phase difference in scattering from different electrons within an atom. More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 4 Emission of (a) secondary electrons as a function of angle of incidence and (b) backscattered electrons as a function of atomic number More
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Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 8 Simulation of beam spreading of 20 keV electrons in zinc More
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Published: 31 December 2017
Fig. 3 Example of a fretting scar in steel imaged with backscattered electrons. The dark contrast area is indicative of the presence of an oxide bed. More
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Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 2 Anodic electrocleaning. Four electrons are discharged by four hydroxyl (OH) − ions at the anode, or workpiece, to liberate one molecule of oxygen (O 2 ). More
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Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 3 Cathodic electrocleaning. Reaction of electrons with positively charged hydrogen ions results in liberation of hydrogen gas. More
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 7 (a) Hydrogen ions take electrons from the oxidation reaction, leading to continuous metal dissolution in an acidic solution. (b) Wear of 1030 carbon steel tested (pin-on-disc) in different solutions: oil + H 2 O (10 mL oil + 2 mL H 2 O), oil + NaCl (10 mL oil + 2 mL saturated NaCl More
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Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 4 Emission of (a) secondary electrons as a function of angle of incidence and (b) backscattered electrons as a function of atomic number More