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electron spin
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001750
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... Abstract Electron spin resonance (ESR), or electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), is an analytical technique that can extract a great deal of information from any material containing unpaired electrons. This article explains how ESR works and where it applies in materials characterization...
Abstract
Electron spin resonance (ESR), or electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), is an analytical technique that can extract a great deal of information from any material containing unpaired electrons. This article explains how ESR works and where it applies in materials characterization. It describes a typical ESR spectrometer and explains how to tune it to optimize critical electromagnetic interactions in the test sample. It also identifies compounds and elements most suited for ESR analysis and explains how to extract supplementary information from test samples based on the time it takes electrons to return to equilibrium from their resonant state. Two of the most common methods for measuring this relaxation time are presented as are several application examples.
Image
Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 1 Flow charts of common techniques for characterization of semiconductors. ICP-MS: inductively coupled mass spectrometry; ESR: electron spin resonance; NMR: nanomagnetic resonance; UV-vis: ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy; XRS: x-ray Raman spectroscopy; NAA: neutron activation analysis
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Image
in Introduction to Characterization of Organic Solids and Organic Liquids
> Materials Characterization
Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 1 Flow charts of common techniques for characterization of organic solids. AES: Auger electron spectroscopy; AFM: atomic force microscopy; COMB: high-temperature combustion; EFG: elemental and functional group analysis; EPMA: electron probe x-ray microanalysis; ESR: electron spin
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Image
Published: 15 December 2019
-ray microanalysis; ESR: electron spin resonance; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; GC, gas chromatography; GC/MS: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; IA: image analysis; IC: ion chromatography; ICP-MS, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry; LC: liquid chromatography; LC/MS
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Image
in Introduction to Characterization of Organic Solids and Organic Liquids
> Materials Characterization
Published: 15 December 2019
Fig. 2 Flow charts of common techniques for characterization of organic liquids. EFG: elemental and functional group analysis; ESR: electron spin resonance; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; GC: gas chromatography; GC/MS: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; IC: ion
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Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006652
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
..., high-temperature combustion; EFG, elemental and functional group analysis; EPMA, electron probe x-ray microanalysis; ESR, electron spin resonance; FTIR; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; GC, gas chromatography; GC/MS, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; IA, image analysis; IC, ion...
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 30 Scanning electron microscope with polarization analysis (SEMPA). (a) The unpolarized primary electrons are rastered across the sample, emitting spin-polarized secondary electrons (SE). The spin-polarization is proportional to the magnetization at the surface of the sample. (b
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0005693
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... ESCA electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis ESR electron spin resonance EXAFS extended x-ray absorption fine structure FIM field ion microscopy FNAA fast neutron activation analysis FMR ferromagnetic resonance FT-IR Fourier transform infrared...
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001752
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... as the Knight shift. In many metals, the Knight shift arises primarily from the conduction electron paramagnetism. Relaxation times are also determined by the electrons at the Fermi level, which induce nuclear spin flips. In magnetically ordered materials, an internal magnetic field can be measured...
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a form of radio frequency spectroscopy based on interactions between nuclear magnetic dipole or electric quadrupole moments and an applied magnetic field or electric-field gradient. This article provides an overview of the fundamental principles of nuclear magnetic resonance with emphasis on nuclei properties, the basic equation of nuclear magnetic resonance, the classical theory of nuclear magnetization, line broadening, and measurement sensitivity. It describes the pulse-echo method for observing NMR. The article provides useful information on ferromagnetic nuclear resonance and nuclear quadrupole resonance, and illustrates the experimental arrangement of NMR with a block diagram. It also presents several application examples.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006945
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... energy dispersive spectroscopy electromagnetic interferences epoxy ethylene propylene ethylene propylene diene rubber ethylene propylene rubber environmental stress cracking electron spin resonance essential work of fracture Food and Drug Administration nite element analysis nite element method...
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract Electron beam machining (EBM) uses a focused beam of high-velocity electrons to remove material. This article provides a description of equipment used for EBM and discusses the process characteristics, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of electron beam drilling...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006678
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... … N … • N … … • • • • … … • Auger electron spectroscopy • … … … • • … … • • • • … … … Electron probe x-ray microanalysis N … … … N N N … N … N N N … … Electron spin resonance N N … … N N N N … … … N N N … Elemental and functional...
Abstract
This article briefly discusses popular techniques for metals characterization. It begins with a description of the most common techniques for determining chemical composition of metals, namely X-ray fluorescence, optical emission spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, high-temperature combustion, and inert gas fusion. This is followed by a section on techniques for determining the atomic structure of crystals, namely X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, and electron diffraction. Types of electron microscopies most commonly used for microstructural analysis of metals, such as scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy, are then reviewed. The article contains tables listing analytical methods used for characterization of metals and alloys and surface analysis techniques. It ends by discussing the objective of metallography.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005429
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... and is easily extended to include spin dependence, the local spin density approximation (LSDA), which has been widely applied to ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems ( Ref 21 ). The LDA is also the starting point for a variety of improvements based on the local change in the electron density produced...
Abstract
Electronic structure methods based on the density functional theory (DFT) are used as a powerful tool for assessing the mechanical thermodynamic and defect properties of metal alloys. This article presents the origins of the electronic structure methods and their strengths and limitations. It describes the basic procedures for calculating essential structural properties in metal alloys. The article reviews the approximations and computational details of the pseudopotential plane wave methods used in metal systems. It provides information on the applications of DFT methods in metal alloy systems. The article discusses the calculations of a variety of structural, thermodynamic, and defect properties, with particular emphasis on structural metal alloys and their derivatives.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 December 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0006650
EISBN: 978-1-62708-213-6
... different perturbations to the Zeeman splitting due to local structure (symmetry, coordination number, etc.), and also local dynamics of different elements. Essentially any magnetic or electronic interaction with the observed nuclear spin affecting the energy levels in Fig. 1 results in the ability...
Abstract
This article focuses on the application of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in materials science, especially for inorganic and organic polymer solids. It begins with a discussion on the general principles of NMR, providing information on nuclear spin descriptions and line narrowing and spectral resolution and describing the impact of magnetic field on nuclear spins and the factors determining resonance frequency. This is followed by a description of various systems and equipment necessary for NMR spectroscopy. A discussion on general sampling for solid-state NMR, sample-spinning requirements, and extraneous signals is then included. Various factors pertinent to accurate calibration of the NMR spectrum are also described. The article provides information on some of the parameters both beneficial and problematic for processing NMR data. It ends with a description of the applications of NMR in glass science and ceramics.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001751
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
... e r s p e c t r o s c o p y : Magnetic structure Measurement of magnetization Study of magnetocrystalline anisotropy analysis, phase analysis, and surface analysis; Investigation of exchange stiffness limited to relatively few isotopes Electron spin resonance: Identification of magnetic...
Abstract
Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) is used in the identification of the magnetic state of materials, the quantitative determination of static magnetic parameters, and the determination of microwave losses. This article describes the theory of ferromagnetic resonance and provides information on reflection spectrometers, microwave spectrometers, and ferromagnetic anti-resonance spectrometers used for measuring FMR. It also discusses the applications of FMR and provides several detailed examples.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005142
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... beryllium. The article discusses the role of lubrication, blank development, tool designs, and strain rates, in deep drawing. It also provides information on the tooling and applications of three-roll bending, stretch forming, and spinning. beryllium blank development deep drawing dies formability...
Abstract
This article describes the effect of temperature, composition, strain rate, and fabrication history on the results obtained in the forming of beryllium as well as the safety measures required. It provides information on the equipment, tooling, dies, and workpieces used for forming beryllium. The article discusses the role of lubrication, blank development, tool designs, and strain rates, in deep drawing. It also provides information on the tooling and applications of three-roll bending, stretch forming, and spinning.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003200
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract This article discusses the fundamentals and applications of localized heat treating methods: induction hardening and tempering, laser surface transformation hardening, and electron-beam heat treatment. The article provides information about equipment and describes the selection...
Abstract
This article discusses the fundamentals and applications of localized heat treating methods: induction hardening and tempering, laser surface transformation hardening, and electron-beam heat treatment. The article provides information about equipment and describes the selection of frequency, power, duration of heating, and coil design for induction hardening. The article also discusses the scope, application, methods, and operation of flame hardening.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Products Spin casting of thermoplastics and thermoset plastics includes: Plumbing fittings, valves, and couplings Electrical switch plates, condensers, and connector plugs Toy cars, wheels, and gears Pen holders, clips, and fasteners Electronic computer parts Calculator casing...
Abstract
This article describes the applications, advantages, and disadvantages of three centrifugal casting processes as well as the equipment used. These processes are true centrifugal casting, semicentrifugal casting, and centrifuge mold casting. The article discusses the cooling, inoculation, fluxing, and extraction of castings. It reviews mold heating and coating techniques as well as the various molds used. The three most common defects observed in centrifugal castings are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the applications of centrifugal casting in investment casting and combustion synthesis as well as spin casting.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Abstract This article reviews the general characteristics of copper and copper alloys and explains how these characteristics affect the behavior of strip in different types of forming operations. These forming operations include blanking, piercing, bending, drawing and stretch forming, spinning...
Abstract
This article reviews the general characteristics of copper and copper alloys and explains how these characteristics affect the behavior of strip in different types of forming operations. These forming operations include blanking, piercing, bending, drawing and stretch forming, spinning, rubber-pad forming, and contour roll forming. Specialized forming operations such as hydraulic forming, embossing and swaging, and high-velocity metal forming are also reviewed. The article discusses the forming of smaller and larger parts from copper and copper alloy strips, as well as their property requirements and applications.
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