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electron beam welding machines
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Image
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 9 Very large-chamber, low-voltage electron beam welding machine (600 m 3 , 80 kV/40 kW machine). Courtesy of pro-beam AG & Co. KGaA
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005610
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... Abstract The primary goal of quality control in electron beam (EB) welding is to consistently produce defect-free and structurally sound welds. This article discusses the common procedures for controlling the EB welding process, the control of the essential machine parameters...
Abstract
The primary goal of quality control in electron beam (EB) welding is to consistently produce defect-free and structurally sound welds. This article discusses the common procedures for controlling the EB welding process, the control of the essential machine parameters, and the introduction of closed-loop controls and diagnostic feedback systems in the EB welding systems. It reviews the beam diagnostic tools that interrogate the beam to produce a reconstruction of the power density distribution and provide additional information on the size and shape of the EB. Knowledge of these beam parameters can be used to improve process understanding and control. The article also describes the application areas of beam diagnostics: machine characterization, weld parameter transfer, and weld quality control.
Image
Published: 01 August 2013
Fig. 18 Universal-chamber electron beam machine for hardening, welding, engraving, and structuring. Chamber volume: 0.5 m 3 ; beam parameters: 60 kV, 10 kW. Courtesy of FOCUS
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005615
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... welding. Advantages are described in terms of welding near heat sensitive components or materials and producing deep penetration or shallow welds with the same equipment. dissimilar metals electron beam welding electron beam welding machines joint design process control weld geometry...
Abstract
This article introduces the operating principles and modes of operation for high-vacuum (EBW-HV), Medium-vacuum (EBW-MV), and nonvacuum (EBW-NV) electron beam welding. Equipment, process sequence, part preparation, process control, and weld geometry are described for electron beam welding. Advantages are described in terms of welding near heat sensitive components or materials and producing deep penetration or shallow welds with the same equipment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001369
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... distance. The article reviews the operation sequence and safety aspects of EBW. electron-beam welding electron-beam welding machines joint design weld geometry ELECTRON-BEAM WELDING (EBW) is a high-energy density fusion process that is accomplished by bombarding the joint to be welded...
Abstract
Electron-beam welding (EBW) is a high-energy density fusion process that is accomplished by bombarding the joint to be welded with an intense (strongly focused) beam of electrons that have been accelerated up to velocities 0.3 to 0.7 times the speed of light at 25 to 200 kV, respectively. This article discusses the principles of operation, as well as the advantages and limitations of EBW. It reviews the basic variables employed for controlling the results of an electron-beam weld. These include accelerating voltage, beam current, welding speed, focusing current, and standoff distance. The article reviews the operation sequence and safety aspects of EBW.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001444
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
..., or machinability due to high sulfur content. Fig. 1 Cutaway view showing location and penetration of a circular electron-beam weld joining a disk-shaped component to a shaft The difficulties encountered in welding shapes such as those shown in Fig. 1 are aggravated if the weld zone is broadened...
Abstract
Electron-beam welding (EBW) can produce deep, narrow, and almost parallel-sided welds with low total heat input and relatively narrow heat-affected zones in a wide variety of common and exotic metals. This article discusses the joint configurations and shrinkage stresses encountered in various joint designs for electron-beam welding, as well as special joints and welds including multiple-pass welds, tangent-tube welds, three-piece welds, and multiple-tier welds. It provides a comparison of medium vacuum EBW with high-vacuum EBW. Scanning is a method of checking the run-out between the beam spot and the joint to be welded. The article describes various scanning techniques for welding dissimilar metals and provides information on the application of electron-beam wire-feed process for repairs. It concludes with a discussion on EBW of heat-resistant alloys, refractory metals, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, copper and copper alloys, magnesium alloys, and beryllium.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005611
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... the creation of raster fields that can be used for heat treatment purposes as well. Controlling Essential Variables Dwell Time, Deflection, Accelerating Voltage, Beam Current, and Beam Focus For fully CNC electron beam welders, all welding parameters are controlled by the welding machine CNC and can...
Abstract
This article focuses on the use of electron beam (EB) for near-net shape processing based on the wire feed material-delivery method. EB deposition processes start with a 3-D model designed in a computer-aided design (CAD) environment, where the deposition path and process parameters are generated. The article provides a description of the electron beam direct manufacturing (EBDM) system used for manufacturing of target parts with the aid of a case study. The control of the essential variables of dynamic beam deflection is also reviewed. The article also includes information on the applications of high-frequency multibeam processes, namely, selective surface treatment, multiple-pool welding, and pre- and post-heat treating.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005614
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... in Fig. 14 ; the machine settings for the defocused beam used to make the cosmetic pass are in the table with Fig. 14 . Welds in T-Joints Three types of electron beam welds made in T-joints are shown in Fig. 11 . The melt-through or blind weld ( Fig. 11 ), like melt-through welds in butt...
Abstract
Electron beam welding (EBW) can produce deep, narrow, and almost parallel-sided welds with low total heat input and relatively narrow heat-affected zones in a wide variety of common and exotic metals. This article focuses on essential parameters of EBW, namely, weld and surface geometry, part configuration, melt-zone configuration, weld atmosphere (vacuum and nonvacuum), and joint design. It describes various aspects considered in EBW of thin and thick metal sections and poorly accessible joints. An overview of scanning and joint tracking techniques for inspection of electron beam-welded joints is also included. The article concludes with discussions on EBW defects, the use of filler metal for weld repair, and the control plans, codes, and specifications of the EBW process.
Image
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 8 Tiered welds made simultaneously using the electron beam welding process. Source: Ref 12 Joint type Circumferential, two-tier butt Weld type Square groove Machine capacity 150 kV at 40 mA Gun type Fixed Maximum vacuum 1.3 ×10 −3 Pa (10 −5 torr) Fixtures
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005627
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... ideas had germinated. The introduction of electron beam welding to manufacturing technology is important enough that one of the earliest electron beam welding machines from Steigerwald has been preserved and is on public display at the Deutsches Museum of Technology in Munich, Germany. By the early...
Abstract
This article provides a history of electron and laser beam welding, discusses the properties of electrons and photons used for welding, and contrasts electron and laser beam welding. It presents a comparison of the electron and laser beam welding processes. The article also illustrates constant power density boundaries, showing the relationship between the focused beam diameter and the absorbed beam power for approximate regions of keyhole-mode welding, conduction-mode welding, cutting, and drilling.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001337
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract Power sources are apparatuses that are used to supply current and voltages that are suitable for particular welding processes. This article describes power sources for arc welding, resistance welding, and electron-beam welding. The more-common welding processes that use constant...
Abstract
Power sources are apparatuses that are used to supply current and voltages that are suitable for particular welding processes. This article describes power sources for arc welding, resistance welding, and electron-beam welding. The more-common welding processes that use constant-current and constant-voltage power sources are listed in a table. The article describes the open-circuit voltage characteristics and power source control methods. The control methods employ either pulse width modulation (PWM) or frequency modulation (FM).
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005631
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... joints kissing welds lap joints laser beam weld design laser beam weld joints laser weld quality laser welding quality assessment wire joints MOST WELD JOINT GEOMETRIES used in conventional fusion welding processes (for example, autogenous automatic gas tungsten arc welding or electron beam...
Abstract
This article describes the joint preparation, fit-up and design of various types of laser beam weld joints: butt joint, lap joint, flange joint, kissing weld, and wire joint. It explains the use of consumables for laser welding and highlights the special laser welding practices of steel, aluminum, and titanium engineering alloys. Laser weld quality and quality assessment are described with summaries of imperfections and how its operations contribute to providing repeatable and reliable laser welds. Relevant laser weld quality specifications are listed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... bonding arc welding brazing compressed gas handling cutting electric shock electrical safety electron-beam welding explosion welding eye protection face protection friction welding high-frequency welding laser-beam welding oxyfuel gas welding protective clothing resistance welding safety...
Abstract
Safety is an important consideration in all welding, cutting, and related work. This article discusses the basic elements of safety general to all welding, cutting, and related processes. It includes safety procedures common to a variety of applications. The most important component of an effective safety and health program is management support and direction. The article reviews the role of management, training, housekeeping, and public demonstrations in welding safety to minimize personal injury and property damage. It provides information on the safety measures for eye and face protection in various welding and cutting operations. Injuries and fatalities from electric shock in welding and cutting operations can occur if proper precautionary measures are not followed. The article discusses the electrical safety aspects to be considered for various welding and cutting operations.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... of molybdenum sheets Fig. 2 Tungsten inert gas welded tungsten mesh heating element High-Power Beam Welding Electron beam and laser welding techniques offer benefits in microstructure and properties of resulting welds in refractory metals. They can provide sufficient weld penetration...
Abstract
Refractory metals are typically processed from powders into ingots that are subsequently swaged into round bars or rolled into plates. Secondary operations are required to fabricate more complex refractory metal components. This article discusses two such secondary operations, namely, machining and joining processes for tungsten, tungsten heavy alloys, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, and rhenium components. It describes the various types of metal joining processes, including mechanical fastening, brazing, and welding.
Image
in Heat Treatment Problems Associated with Design and Steel Selection[1]
> Heat Treating of Irons and Steels
Published: 01 October 2014
Fig. 35 The accuracy in machining the spline of this gear could not be held sufficiently close to provide for proper location of the plug in fixture quenching. The result was 50% scrap in the hardening operation. The two-piece design shown in the schematic was adopted, which employs electron
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001472
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... Abstract This article provides an overview of the types of weld discontinuities that are characteristic of specialized welding processes. These welding processes include electron-beam welding, plasma arc welding, electroslag welding, friction welding, resistance welding, and diffusion welding...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the types of weld discontinuities that are characteristic of specialized welding processes. These welding processes include electron-beam welding, plasma arc welding, electroslag welding, friction welding, resistance welding, and diffusion welding. The article also describes the common inspection methods used to detect these discontinuities.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005635
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... and explosion. adhesive bonding arc welding brazing compressed gas cutting electrical safety electromagnetic radiation electron beam welding explosion prevention explosion protection explosion welding fire prevention fire protection friction welding fumes gas high-frequency welding laser...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the rules, regulations, and techniques implemented to minimize the safety hazards associated with welding, cutting, and allied processes. Safety management, protection of the work area, process-specific safety considerations, and robotic and electrical safety are discussed. The article explains the use of personal protective equipment and provides information on protection against fumes, gases, and electromagnetic radiation. It concludes with a discussion on safe handling of compressed gases as well as the prevention and protection of fire and explosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005639
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
.... The article discusses the equipment suitable for microjoining and the metallurgical consequences and postweld metrology of the process. It also provides examples of developmental welds employing laser and electron beam microwelding techniques. coalescence driving fluid flow electron beam electron...
Abstract
Microjoining with high energy density beams is a new subject in the sense that the progress of miniaturization in industry has made the desire to make microjoints rapidly and reliably a current and exciting topic. This article summarizes the current state of microjoining with both electron and laser beams. It considers the elementary physical processes such as heat and fluid flow to introduce the reader to the phenomena that affect melting, coalescence, and solidification needed for a successful microweld. The various forces driving (and resisting) fluid flow are analyzed. The article discusses the equipment suitable for microjoining and the metallurgical consequences and postweld metrology of the process. It also provides examples of developmental welds employing laser and electron beam microwelding techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005647
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... Standards) DPH diamond pyramid hardness DTA differential thermal analysis e natural log base, 2.71828; charge of an electron EB electron beam EBC electron beam cutting EBW electron beam welding EDM electrical discharge machining EDXA energy-dispersive x-ray analysis EGW...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002488
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... the electron beam welding process. Source: Ref 12 Joint type Circumferential, two-tier butt Weld type Square groove Machine capacity 150 kV at 40 mA Gun type Fixed Maximum vacuum 1.3 ×10 −3 Pa (10 −5 torr) Fixtures Bolted end plates; rotating positioner Preheat None...
Abstract
This article explains how to design a joint or conduct a joining process so that components can be produced most efficiently and without defects. The joining processes include mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, welding, brazing, and soldering. The article discusses the selection and application of good design practices based on the understanding of process-related manufacturing aspects such as accessibility, quality, productivity, and overall manufacturing cost. It provides several examples of selected parts and joining processes to illustrate the advantages of a specific design practice in improving manufacturability.