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Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... supplies, electrolyte system, part holding fixtures, cathode holders, and cathode tubes. Key process parameters for electrostream and capillary drilling are also discussed. capillary drilling cathode holders cathode tubes electrolyte system electrostream power supplies tooling...
Abstract
This article describes the applications, process capabilities, and limitations and advantages of electrostream and capillary drilling. It describes equipment and tooling used for electrostream and capillary drilling. These include electrostream and capillary drilling machines, power supplies, electrolyte system, part holding fixtures, cathode holders, and cathode tubes. Key process parameters for electrostream and capillary drilling are also discussed.
Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002164
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... for cathodes, cathodes, and cathode holder/manifold. The article concludes with information on the process parameters of the STEM system. electrochemical machining fuel nozzles oil passages shaped tube electrolytic machining turbine blades turbine disk cooling passages SHAPED TUBE ELECTROLYTIC...
Abstract
Shaped tube electrolytic machining (STEM) is a modified electrochemical machining (ECM) process that uses an acid electrolyte so that the removed metal goes into the solution instead of forming a precipitate. This article lists some specific machining applications of the STEM process, including turbine blade cooling holes, turbine vane cooling holes, turbine disk cooling passages, oil passages, and fuel nozzles. It describes the limitations and advantages of the STEM process. The article discusses the various tool parts of the STEM system, including the holding fixture, guide for cathodes, cathodes, and cathode holder/manifold. The article concludes with information on the process parameters of the STEM system.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003597
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... and workpiece. (c) Dummy workpiece and tool. Source: Ref 8 Electrochemical Deep-Hole Drilling System The electrochemical deep-hole drilling system shown in Fig. 2 includes four subsystems: power supply, tool and tool feed, electrolyte cleaning and supply, and workholding and machining chamber...
Abstract
Specific machining processes that employ electrochemical machining technology include deburring and deep-hole drilling. This article describes the principle and applications of electrochemical deburring as well as the machine tools used in the process. The system, process capabilities, and applications of electrochemical deep-hole drilling are also discussed. The article also reviews the pulse electrochemical machining.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003599
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Electrolyte Refining process Cu Ni Pb Sn Au Ag Metal salt CuSO 4 NiSO 4 PbSiF 6 SnSO 4 AuCl 4 AgNO 3 Acid H 2 SO 4 HCl, H 2 SO 4 H 2 SiF 6 H 2 SO 4 , HOC 6 H 4 SO 3 H HCl HNO 3 Source: Ref 2 In electrochemical refining systems, supporting electrolytes...
Abstract
Electrochemical refining is the purification process for producing commercially pure metals from crude metals. This article describes the principles of electrochemical reactions. It discusses the physical properties of the basic components of electrochemical refining cell. The article also explains the engineering considerations required in the refining process. Theoretical and technological principles of electrochemical refining are illustrated, with examples.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002160
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract Electrochemical machining (ECM) is the controlled removal of metal by anodic dissolution in an electrolytic cell in which the workpiece is the anode and the tool is the cathode. This article begins with a description of the ECM system and then discusses the primary variables...
Abstract
Electrochemical machining (ECM) is the controlled removal of metal by anodic dissolution in an electrolytic cell in which the workpiece is the anode and the tool is the cathode. This article begins with a description of the ECM system and then discusses the primary variables that affect current density and the material removal rate in the ECM process. It reviews the various characteristics of electrolytes and considers tool material and design. It also provides an overview of the properties of the workpiece and defines the surface finish and accuracy of an electrochemically machined sample. The variety of work done by electrochemical machining is also exemplified in the article.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Testing of Coatings
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001296
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... by which materials are in contact and the activity of the reacting species. In the case of a very low metal ion concentration in the electrolyte, the corrosion current is anodic to its major part (i.e., the metal is corroded by its dissolution in the electrolyte). Under closed-system conditions...
Abstract
This article focuses on the testing and typical corrosion behavior of coating-substrate systems in aqueous solutions and humid aggressive atmospheres. It includes a short review of the fundamentals of corrosion, followed by a discussion of specific system behavior, electrochemical and laboratory accelerated tests, and simulated service tests. The article also contains examples of different types of corrosion damage and presents guidelines for improving corrosion resistance.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003596
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract This article discusses four subsystems of the electrochemical machining (ECM) system: power source, electrolyte cleaning and supply system, tool and tool-feed system, and workpiece and workpiece-holding system. It describes the theory of ECM and provides information on the electrolytes...
Abstract
This article discusses four subsystems of the electrochemical machining (ECM) system: power source, electrolyte cleaning and supply system, tool and tool-feed system, and workpiece and workpiece-holding system. It describes the theory of ECM and provides information on the electrolytes used in ECM. The article reviews the methods associated with workpiece shape prediction. The procedures and integrated approach for the tool design in ECM are discussed. The article also explains the process control, capabilities, and the limitations of ECM. It concludes with information on the applications of ECM.
Book Chapter
Selective (Brush) Plating
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001261
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Abstract Selective plating, also known as brush plating, differs from traditional tank or bath plating in that the workpiece is not immersed in a plating solution (electrolyte). Instead, the electrolyte is brought to the part and applied by a handheld anode or stylus, which incorporates...
Abstract
Selective plating, also known as brush plating, differs from traditional tank or bath plating in that the workpiece is not immersed in a plating solution (electrolyte). Instead, the electrolyte is brought to the part and applied by a handheld anode or stylus, which incorporates an absorbent wrapping for applying the solution to the workpiece (cathode). This article focuses on the selective plating systems that include a power pack, plating tools, anode covers, specially formulated plating solutions, and any auxiliary equipment required for the particular application. It provides a detailed account of the applications of selective plating, with examples. The article describes the advantages, limitations, key process elements, and health and safety considerations of selective plating. It also includes the most important industrial, government, and military specifications.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract This article describes the various characteristics of electrochemical grinding (ECG). It discusses grinding methods that can be performed with ECG components, namely, the electrolyte delivery and circulating system, the electrolyte, the DC power supply, grinding wheel...
Abstract
This article describes the various characteristics of electrochemical grinding (ECG). It discusses grinding methods that can be performed with ECG components, namely, the electrolyte delivery and circulating system, the electrolyte, the DC power supply, grinding wheel, and the workpiece. Grinding, surface grinding, internal grinding, form grinding, and cylindrical grinding are discussed. The article also lists the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of ECG.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003595
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... Abstract Electropolishing is an electrochemical process that involves anodic dissolution of a metal specimen (anode electrode) in an electrolytic cell. This article reviews the two-electrode and three-electrode systems for electropolishing. It presents the equations of anodic reactions...
Abstract
Electropolishing is an electrochemical process that involves anodic dissolution of a metal specimen (anode electrode) in an electrolytic cell. This article reviews the two-electrode and three-electrode systems for electropolishing. It presents the equations of anodic reactions and the selection criteria of electrolyte for electropolishing. The article also describes the mechanism of electropolishing and the effect of electropolishing on properties of metals.
Book Chapter
Corrosion in Bridges and Highways
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004168
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... of metal bridges and corrosion control, including the use of weathering steels and coating systems. bridges coating systems corrosion corrosion control electrochemical methods highways inspection pH portland cement concrete roadway weathering steels electrolyte conventional reinforcement...
Abstract
Bridges and highways are core components of transportation system and range from pavements with earth, gravel, or stone covered by a thin bituminous surface course to a continually reinforced Portland cement concrete (PCC) roadway with or without a bituminous wear course. This article provides information on bridges and dowels and the reinforcement used in PCC roadways that suffer from corrosion. An overview is provided on the rise in awareness of the corrosion issues affecting bridges and highways. The chemistry and structure of concrete and its role as an electrolyte in promoting corrosion are also discussed. The article addresses reinforcement, including conventional, prestressed, cable stays, and corrosion-resistant reinforcement. It deals with the electrochemical methods for the inspection and corrosion control of embedded reinforcement. The article also reviews the corrosion of metal bridges and corrosion control, including the use of weathering steels and coating systems.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001250
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... of electrolyte composition and operating conditions for alkaline solutions, and Tables 3 and 4 provide this information for acid solutions. Tin ions in the alkaline electrolytes have a valence of +4, whereas those in the acid electrolytes have a valence of +2. Consequently, the alkaline systems require...
Abstract
A tin deposit provides sacrificial protection to copper, nickel, and many other nonferrous metals and alloys. Tin also provides good protection to steel. Tin can be deposited from either alkaline or acid electrolytes. This article explains the compositions and operating conditions of these electrolytes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003601
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... with their oxidation reactions in water and other electrolytes, are sparingly, if ever, used as anodes in battery systems. The key to making sure that only constructive corrosion of the anode occurs is to select compositions of the electrodes and electrolyte, as well as an optimal design of cell geometry...
Abstract
This article examines constructive corrosion that occurs in power-generating devices, specifically batteries. It discusses the kinetic aspects of constructive corrosion in batteries and provides examples to illustrate how the kinetics of a corrosion process varies among different battery systems. The article illustrates the constructive roles played by corrosion at anodes in batteries through the use of a zinc anode in a mercury battery and a lithium metal anode in a rechargeable lithium battery. It also outlines the destructive role played by corrosion by illustrating shelf reactions in zinc-carbon batteries and lead grid corrosion in lead-acid batteries.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Corrosion for Constructive Purposes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003604
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... reversible electrode copper electrode silver electrode electrochemical system reversible cell potential electrode potential equilibrium potential irreversible cell potential galvanic cell electrolytic cell corrosion cell PRINCIPLES OF METALLIC CORROSION play a fundamental role in developing...
Abstract
Principles of metallic corrosion play a fundamental role in developing industrial processes that employ corrosion for constructive purposes. This article examines the changes in kinetics that occur with differentially small potential changes around the equilibrium electrode potentials of two reversible electrodes, such as copper and silver electrodes, in an electrochemical system. It provides a schematic illustration of a reversible cell with copper and silver electrodes to determine a reversible cell potential between the electrodes. An electrode becomes irreversible when the electrode reactions are displaced from equilibrium and the electrode potential is no longer at the equilibrium potential. The article describes irreversible cell potential by using galvanic cells, electrolytic cells, and corrosion cells.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Fundamentals of Corrosion Thermodynamics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003715
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... into a nonmetallic state. The products of corrosion may be dissolved species or solid corrosion products. Because electrochemical reactions are at the origin of corrosion, the corroding metal surface is considered an electrode. The ionically conducting liquid is the electrolyte in which the reactions take place...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the fundamentals of corrosion thermodynamics. The discussion focuses on electrochemical reactions, molten salt corrosion thermodynamics, and geochemical modeling.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001242
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... electrolyte, all associated equipment must be cleaned and thoroughly washed to ensure no cyanide contamination. Cyanide remains in the system. Acids can be used only after all traces of cyanide have been eliminated. Purity of Water Used in Composition The purity of the water used...
Abstract
This article provides a detailed account of the various alkaline and acid plating baths used for electrolytic copper plating. Dilute cyanide and Rochelle cyanide baths, high-efficiency sodium and potassium cyanide baths, alkaline noncyanide copper plating baths, and alkaline copper pyrophosphate baths, are discussed. The article reviews acid plating baths such as copper sulfate bath and copper fluoborate bath. It also presents information on the surface preparation considerations, bath composition, and operating variables of copper plating as well as the equipment used.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003598
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... is supplied through an interelectrode gap (IEG) between the wheel and the workpiece. Electrolyte is recirculated, so an effective supply and filtration system is needed. The commonly used electrolytes are sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium nitrate (NaNO 3 ). Fig. 1 Schematic of electrochemical grinding...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on a working principle, the operations, characteristics, capabilities, and applications of electrochemical grinding (ECG). The basic elements of the ECG machine tool are also presented.
Image
Electrochemical machining equipment schematic. 1, tool electrode; 2, finish...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1994
Fig. 2 Electrochemical machining equipment schematic. 1, tool electrode; 2, finishing workpiece; 3, tank of electrolyte; 4, clamping system; 5, electrolyte supply system; 6, power supply
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003602
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... are chemically bonded ( Ref 6 ). Nafion membranes have exhibited long life in selected operating conditions and electrochemical applications. In selected fuel- cell tests and water-electrolysis systems, lifetimes of more than 50,000 h have been demonstrated. The Dow Chemical Company produced an electrolyte...
Abstract
This article describes the ideal performance of various low-temperature and high-temperature fuel cells that depends on the electrochemical reactions that occur between different fuels and oxygen. Low-temperature fuel cells, such as polymer electrolyte, alkaline, and phosphoric acid, and high-temperature fuel cells, such as molten carbonate and solid oxide, are discussed. The article contains tables that provide information on the evolution of cell-component technology for these fuel cells. It concludes with information on the advantages and limitations of the fuel cells.
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