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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003654
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
...Abstract Abstract A variety of electrochemical techniques are used to detect and monitor material deterioration in service or in the field. This article describes the static or direct current measurements in a number of applications, including buried pipelines and storage tanks. It reviews...
Abstract
A variety of electrochemical techniques are used to detect and monitor material deterioration in service or in the field. This article describes the static or direct current measurements in a number of applications, including buried pipelines and storage tanks. It reviews the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electrochemical noise measurements in a laboratory, especially for the inspection of coatings.
Image
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 4 Experimental arrangement for application of electrochemical techniques in laboratory tests
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
...Abstract Abstract This article explores the use of the electrochemical and nonelectrochemical techniques for measuring the corrosion behavior of buried metals and the types of probes used. The electrical resistance technique is the main nonelectrochemical technique used for measuring corrosion...
Abstract
This article explores the use of the electrochemical and nonelectrochemical techniques for measuring the corrosion behavior of buried metals and the types of probes used. The electrical resistance technique is the main nonelectrochemical technique used for measuring corrosion rate. Electrochemical techniques discussed include linear polarization resistance, electrochemical noise, harmonic distortion analysis, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and hydrogen permeation. The principles of operation for the corrosion measuring techniques are described along with examples of their use in soils.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003607
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of attack that lead to galvanic corrosion of anodic members. It also explains the three electrochemical techniques of screening tests for predicting galvanic corrosion. The electrochemical techniques comprise of potential measurements, current measurements, and polarization measurements. The article...
Abstract
This article describes the various factors that affect the extent of corrosion resulting from galvanic coupling. The factors include galvanic series, polarization behavior, and geometric relationship of metals and alloys. The article briefly discusses the various modes of attack that lead to galvanic corrosion of anodic members. It also explains the three electrochemical techniques of screening tests for predicting galvanic corrosion. The electrochemical techniques comprise of potential measurements, current measurements, and polarization measurements. The article provides a detailed discussion on the performance of alloy groupings. It concludes with information on various control methods that reduce or eliminate galvanic-corrosion effects.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003644
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
...Abstract Abstract This article reviews the fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion test methods. The features and requirements of the instrumentation needed for an electrochemical test are briefly discussed. The article provides a discussion on the various electrochemical techniques and tests...
Abstract
This article reviews the fundamentals of electrochemical corrosion test methods. The features and requirements of the instrumentation needed for an electrochemical test are briefly discussed. The article provides a discussion on the various electrochemical techniques and tests available for laboratory studies of corrosion phenomena. The techniques and tests include no-applied-signal tests, small-signal polarization tests, large-signal polarization tests, scanning electrode techniques, and miscellaneous techniques.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003647
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
.... It also discusses the electrochemical techniques used to study and monitor MIC and presents examples of their applications to MIC. corrosion microbiologically influenced corrosion electrochemical technique CORROSION resulting from the presence and activities of microbes on metals and metal...
Abstract
Corrosion resulting from the presence and activities of microbes on metals and metal alloys is generally referred to as microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). This article describes the biofilm formation and structure and microbial processes influencing corrosion. It also discusses the electrochemical techniques used to study and monitor MIC and presents examples of their applications to MIC.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003687
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
...Abstract Abstract This article discusses the various factors that affect the corrosion performance of electroplated coatings. It describes the effects of environment and the deposition process on substrate coatings. The article provides a discussion on the electrochemical techniques capable...
Abstract
This article discusses the various factors that affect the corrosion performance of electroplated coatings. It describes the effects of environment and the deposition process on substrate coatings. The article provides a discussion on the electrochemical techniques capable of predicting the corrosion performance of a plated part. It reviews the designs of coating systems for optimal protection of the substrate. The article also discusses controlled weathering tests and accelerated tests used to predict and determine the relative durability of the coating.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003638
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... is the most frequently conducted procedure for evaluating corrosion resistance. However, when more information than corrosion rate is needed or accelerated testing is required, electrochemical techniques are often considered. Many electrochemical techniques are available, and their use has been made easier...
Abstract
This article provides a summary of the concepts discussed in the article under the section "Corrosion Testing and Evaluation" in ASM Handbook, Volume 13A: Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection. This section presents fundamental information on step-by-step instructions for techniques, examples of actual test data, and hints to help in interpretation. The topics covered include planning corrosion tests and evaluating results, laboratory corrosion testing, simulated service corrosion testing, in-service techniques for damage detection and monitoring, and evaluating forms of corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003656
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of the electrochemical techniques for studying localized corrosion processes rely on monitoring the current flow between these two sites ( Ref 10 ). Some of these electrochemical methods have been adopted for on-line monitoring of localized corrosion. Nonelectrochemical methods also have been used for on-line monitoring...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the operation of various methods and sensors that have been used or have the potential to be used for on-line, real-time monitoring of localized corrosion. These include the electrochemical noise (ECN) method, nonelectrochemical methods, the galvanically coupled differential flow cell, galvanically coupled crevice cell, coupled multielectrode sensor, and electrochemical biofilm activity sensor.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003655
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
.... This article discusses the system considerations and installation techniques of different types of direct and indirect techniques in electrochemically based on-line corrosion monitoring process. It describes the importance of probe location and on-line corrosion monitoring techniques with examples...
Abstract
Corrosion monitoring is important in the operation of modern industrial plants and in the use and maintenance of expensive assets such as bridges and aircrafts, because the damage caused by corrosion and the rate of the deterioration can be huge and the risks devastating. This article discusses the system considerations and installation techniques of different types of direct and indirect techniques in electrochemically based on-line corrosion monitoring process. It describes the importance of probe location and on-line corrosion monitoring techniques with examples.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003586
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Gravimetric determination of mass loss, electrical-resistance methods, magnetic methods, quartz crystal microbalance method, solution analysis methods, and metrological methods are nonelectrochemical methods. The article presents an electrochemical test that examines...
Abstract
This article addresses electrochemical methods for instantaneous rate determination and threshold determination as well as nonelectrochemical methods that can determine incremental or cumulative rates of corrosion. Electrochemical methods for the study of galvanic corrosion rates and localized corrosion and evaluation of corrosion rates under paints are also discussed. The article describes nonelectrochemical methods that can determine incremental or cumulative rates of corrosion. Methods presented include polarization methods, polarization resistance methods, electrochemical impedance methods, frequency modulation methods, electrochemical noise resistance, potential probe methods, cyclic potentiodynamic polarization methods, potentiostatic and galvanostatic methods, electrochemical noise (EN) methods, scratch-repassivation method, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. Gravimetric determination of mass loss, electrical-resistance methods, magnetic methods, quartz crystal microbalance method, solution analysis methods, and metrological methods are nonelectrochemical methods. The article presents an electrochemical test that examines the susceptibility of stainless steel alloys to intergranular corrosion.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003663
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... interpretation is often all that is needed to convert conventional test methods into galvanic-corrosion tests. This article discusses component, model, electrochemical, and specimen tests. Component Testing Component testing is an especially useful technique for galvanic corrosion prediction...
Abstract
Galvanic corrosion, although listed as one of the forms of corrosion, is considered as a type of corrosion mechanism that is evaluated by modifying the tests used for conventional forms of corrosion. This article focuses on component testing, computer and physical scale modeling, and laboratory testing methods of evaluating galvanic corrosion. The laboratory tests fall into two categories, namely, electrochemical tests and specimen exposures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003661
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... are usually irreversibly affected, at least in electrochemical terms. Thus, they are not considered as on-line techniques for routine monitoring of localized corrosion. There are on-line techniques ( Ref 9 ), such as electrochemical linear polarization resistance (LPR) and electrical resistance (ER...
Abstract
Pitting is a form of localized corrosion that is often a concern in applications involving passivating metals and alloys in aggressive environments. This article describes the test methods for pitting corrosion. These methods include ASTM G 48, ASTM F 746, ASTM G 61, ASTM G 100, and electrochemical noise measurements. The visual examination, metallographic examination, and nondestructive inspection of pits are discussed. The article reviews the procedures for the use of standard charts, metal penetration, statistical analysis, and loss in mechanical properties to quantify the severity of pitting damage.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004214
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... for multiphase pipelines. The article reviews methodologies to perform internal corrosion direct assessment for pipelines. Real-time monitoring techniques for assessing actual corrosion at critical locations are discussed. The article also presents the case studies for multi-technique electrochemical corrosion...
Abstract
This article discusses the effects of parameters on corrosivity and explains why it is critical to examine the parameter interactions prior to capturing the synergistic effects of the parameters on corrosion. It examines the methods of internal corrosion prediction for multiphase pipelines. The article reviews methodologies to perform internal corrosion direct assessment for pipelines. Real-time monitoring techniques for assessing actual corrosion at critical locations are discussed. The article also presents the case studies for multi-technique electrochemical corrosion monitoring.
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 23 Comparison of etch-attack and electrochemical methods of polishing tungsten, a representative refractory metal. (a) Polishing by an etch-attack technique using Al 2 O 3 abrasive suspended in an aqueous solution of potassium ferricyanide (KCN) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). (b) Polishing
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Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 10
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1986
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v10.a0001740
EISBN: 978-1-62708-178-8
...Abstract Abstract Potentiometric membrane electrodes are electrochemical devices that can be used to quantify numerous ionic and nonionic species. This class of electrochemical sensors can be divided into ion-selective and gas-sensing membrane electrodes. The first half of this article mainly...
Abstract
Potentiometric membrane electrodes are electrochemical devices that can be used to quantify numerous ionic and nonionic species. This class of electrochemical sensors can be divided into ion-selective and gas-sensing membrane electrodes. The first half of this article mainly focuses on the subclasses, the membrane potential, electrode selectivity limitations and the methods of analysis of the ion-selective membrane electrodes. These methods of analysis include the use of calibration curves, addition techniques, subtraction techniques, and titration. The second half outlines gas sensing membrane electrodes, and discusses important elements that must be considered in addition to the potentiometric membrane electrode to ensure proper electrode response. These elements are reference electrodes, temperature controls, recording of the potential with respect to time, electrode storages, and sample pretreatment. The article also explains the applications of the potentiometric membrane electrodes with the aid of an example.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
..., passivating oxide(s) formed. Electrochemical Theories and Methods in CMP Electrochemical theories, such as the mixed- potential theory, are discussed elsewhere in this Volume. Analytical techniques, such as direct current (dc) potentiodynamic polarization and alternating current (ac) impedance...
Abstract
Chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) of metals is described as mechanically accelerated corrosion, erosion corrosion, or metallic corrosion enhanced by wear. This article reviews the history, process, chemistry, electrochemistry, and defect issues for CMP. It provides an overview of CMP through a schematic illustration of CMP process equipment. The applications of CMP to tungsten and copper alloys are of prime interest in the semiconductor industry. The article discusses copper CMP and tungsten CMP in detail and analyzes polishing mechanism during CMP by application of direct current potentiodynamic polarization and alternating current impedance measurements. It concludes with information on chemically induced defects such as pitting corrosion, galvanic corrosion, and chemical etching.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003710
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... of the nearest neighbors of a given atom and therefore the molecular structure of the surface film. The technique can be used in situ and ex situ to monitor electrochemical reactions. The technique has been used successfully to evaluate the chemical nature of conversion coatings ( Ref 92 ). This technique does...
Abstract
This article describes the analytical methods for analyzing surfaces for corrosion and corrosion inhibition processes as well as failure analysis based on surface structure and chemical identity and composition. The principles and applications of the surface-structure analysis techniques, namely, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, are reviewed. The article discusses the principles and applications of chemical identity and composition analysis techniques. These techniques include the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ion scattering spectroscopy, reflectance Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy, Raman and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis.
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 4 Comparison of corrosion rates of pure magnesium (99.98% pure) and magnesium alloys determined by electrochemical and gravimetric techniques. Source: Ref 14
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Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001296
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... ). The following paragraphs describe these techniques in more detail. Fig. 3 Electrochemical measurement cell for corrosion investigations. Source: Ref 10 Current Measurements The calculation of the corrosion rate of metal-electrolyte systems is based on Faraday's law if the reaction follows...
Abstract
This article focuses on the testing and typical corrosion behavior of coating-substrate systems in aqueous solutions and humid aggressive atmospheres. It includes a short review of the fundamentals of corrosion, followed by a discussion of specific system behavior, electrochemical and laboratory accelerated tests, and simulated service tests. The article also contains examples of different types of corrosion damage and presents guidelines for improving corrosion resistance.