Search Results for electrical bus conductor

This datasheet provides information on composition limits, processing effects on physical and mechanical properties, and fabrication characteristics of electrical bus conductor aluminum alloys 6101 and 6201 along with standard temper designations. Machining and forming characteristics of alloy 6101 are compared with related alloys and tempers.

The aluminum alloy 1350 is an electrical conductor grade aluminum alloy with high thermal and electrical conductivities. This datasheet provides information on key alloy metallurgy and processing effects on physical and mechanical properties of this 1xxx series alloy.

This article focuses on the frequently encountered causes of induction coil failures and typical failure modes in fabrication of hardening inductors, tooth-by-tooth gear-hardening inductors, clamshell inductors, contactless inductors, split-return inductors, butterfly inductors, and inductors for heating internal surfaces. It discusses the current density distribution and the skin effect, the proximity effect, and crack-propagation specifics. The article also describes selected properties of copper alloys, the electromagnetic edge effect of coil copper turn, and the effect of magnetic flux concentrators on coil life. It also reviews the importance of having appropriate and reliable electrical contacts.

Inductors used for brazing can be machined from solid copper shapes or fabricated out of copper tubing, depending on the size and complexity of the braze joint geometry to be heated. This article provides information on inductors (coils) that are generally classified as solenoid, channel (slot), pancake, hairpin, butterfly, split-return, or internal coils. It discusses the variables pertinent to the design of inductors for brazing, soldering, or heat treating. The article presents various considerations for designing inductors for brazing of dissimilar materials that present a unique challenge in the field of induction brazing.

Aluminum, the second most plentiful metallic element, is an economic competitor in various applications owing to its appearance, light weight, fabricability, physical properties, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. This article discusses the primary and secondary production of aluminum and classification system for cast and wrought aluminum alloys. It talks about various manufactured forms of aluminum and its alloys, which are classified into standardized products such as sheet, plate, foil, rod, bar, wire, tube, pipe, and structural forms, and engineered products such as extruded shapes, forgings, impacts, castings, stampings, powder metallurgy parts, machined parts, and metal-matrix composites. The article also reviews important fabrication characteristics in the machining, forming, forging, and joining of aluminum alloys. It concludes with a description of the major industrial applications of aluminum, including building and construction, transportation, consumer durables, electrical, machinery and equipment, containers and packaging, and other applications.

Design and analysis of electrical/electronic systems and components tends to be different from the corresponding process for most mechanical and hydraulic systems. This article provides an overview of three overlapping phases followed in electrical design: functional, electrical, and physical. It also presents information on the simulation and testing carried out to evaluate the design behavior.

Hardness testing equipment is important as all results from the induction equipment are graded by the hardness testing equipment. This article includes maintenance tips and points to consider regarding hardness test equipment, power supplies, controls, programmable logic controllers, computer systems, water cooling systems, fixtures and machines, air-operated or pneumatic devices, coils, and quench systems. It also presents simple rules that need to be applied while moving the equipment from one location to another.

This article describes the Bayer process for the purification of alumina. The process includes four major stages: digestion, clarification, precipitation, and calcination. The article discusses the aluminum electrolytic process in terms of aluminum electrolysis cell design, magnetohydrodynamic forces, and cathode lining. It reviews the electrochemical reactions and thermodynamics for aluminum electrolysis standard Gibbs. The article also describes the cell operations and cell stability, as well as the key indicators of cell performance. It schematically illustrates the typical costs producing aluminum in an aluminum smelter. The article also discusses various environmental issues, such as fluoride recovery; perfluorocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and sulfur emissions; spent pot lining; and development of inert anodes and CO2 emissions.

The 6xxx series aluminum alloys are used across end applications including all forms of transportation, electronics, and building and construction. This article contains tables that list standard specifications for 6xxx series aluminum alloys and select specialty mill products. The relationships among commonly used alloys in the 6xxx series are illustrated.

Cooling towers are designed to remove heat from water in an induction system and dissipate it into the atmosphere. This article provides information on closed-loop recirculating water systems of an induction system to cool the power supply. It focuses on various types of cooling towers, namely, air-cooled heat exchangers, air-cooled heat exchangers with trim cooler, closed-circuit evaporative cooling towers, and open evaporative cooling towers. The article discusses the importance of their placement or positioning to reduce the chances of air recirculation, and concludes with a discussion on refrigerant chillers.

Induction heating has many different applications, such as melting, heating stock for forging, and heat treating. This article begins with a discussion on the types of power supplies, namely, solid-state power supplies and oscillator tubes. It provides information on system elements, including cooling systems, power supplies, heat stations, work handling fixtures, induction or work coils, and quench systems. The article discusses the influence of system elements on induction heat treating system design. It also deals with the general theory, types, and applications of induction coils.

Wrought copper and copper alloys are produced in various mill-product forms for a variety of applications due to their high electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance, ease of fabrication, and good heat-transfer properties. This article describes the manufacturing processes used to produce wrought copper and copper alloys in the form of sheet and strip products, tubular products, and wire and cable. Common processes include melting, casting, hot and cold rolling, milling or scalping, annealing, cleaning, slitting, cutting, and leveling. In addition, the article discusses stress-relaxation characteristics of copper alloys.

Induction hardening of steel components is the most common application of induction heat treatment of steel. This article provides a detailed account of electromagnetic and thermal aspects of metallurgy of induction hardening of steels. It describes induction hardening techniques, namely, scan hardening, progressive hardening, single-shot hardening, and static hardening. The article discusses the techniques used to control the heat pattern, and provides a brief review of quenching techniques used in the induction hardening. It provides guidelines for selecting the frequency and power for induction hardening, and describes common methods for measuring case depth, such as optical and microhardness, and surface hardness. It provides information on some complications and ambiguities associated with these measurements. The article also discusses the commonly used non-destructive testing methods, namely, magnetic particle testing, ultrasonic testing, and eddy current testing to evaluate induction-hardened components.

This article provides an overview of the implementation of wire embedding with ultrasonic energy and thermal embedding for polymer additive manufacturing, discussing the applications and advantages of the technique. The mechanical and electrical performance of the embedded wires is compared with that of other conductive ink processes in terms of electrical conductivity and mechanical strength.

Copper and copper alloys constitute one of the major groups of commercial metals due to their excellent electrical and thermal conductivities, corrosion and fatigue resistance, ease of fabrication, and good strength. This article lists the types, properties, fabrication characteristics, corrosion ratings, temper designations, and applications of wrought copper and copper alloys. It also presents an outline of the most commonly used mechanical working and heat treating processes. The copper industry in the United States is broadly composed of two segments: producers (mining, smelting, and refining companies) and fabricators (wire mills, brass mills, foundries, and powder plants). The article discusses copper production methods and describes major changes in the structure of the U.S. copper and copper alloys industry.

This article reviews the performance of power electronics components, namely, power rectifiers, insulated-gate bipolar transistors, metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors, diodes, and silicon-controlled rectifiers. It provides information on induction heating power supplies with multiple heat stations, such as switching units and multiple (zone) outputs. The article describes power supply operational control and power supply protection circuits. It details duty cycle, power factor, and harmonics of power supplies. The article also describes system parameters, software analysis-calculations, human analysis-decisions, multiple system arrangements, and zone control systems for power supply selection. It provides information on the maintenance of induction power supplies, detailing the safety precautions to be taken and the need for routine inspection and servicing.

This article provides an overview of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) and discusses their direct and indirect effects on human health. It provides a detailed description of the exposure levels of EMFs in residential and work environments. The article examines the international and European standards and regulations regarding occupational exposure to EMFs encountered in industrial activities. It discusses the categories of work equipment or activities that may expose the worker above and under the orientation value. The article also describes the main principles underlying the protection system adopted for the frequency range of 50 Hz to 10 MHz.

This article discusses the applications and tensile properties of selected copper tube alloys, as well as the methods for producing copper tubular products, namely extrusion and rotary piercing. It explains the methods available for the finishing of copper tubular products, such as tube welding, cold drawing, and tube reducing. The article lists the standard dimensions and tolerances for several kinds of copper tubes and pipes in the ASTM specifications, along with other requirements for the tubular products.

This article focuses on the temperature requirements of typical nonferrous metals and their alloys of commercial importance. These include aluminum, copper, magnesium, and titanium. The article describes the thermoelectricity, photoelectricity, and capacity of aluminum alloys. In addition, it provides information on the electrical properties of copper and its alloys. The article also lists typical physical and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys at ambient temperature.

The most popular metal hot working processes for which induction heating is applied are forging, forming, extrusion, and rolling. This article focuses on estimation techniques to determine basic induction heating process parameters, including coil power, length of heating line, and frequency selection. It discusses three modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation, in induction heating. The article describes the factors affected by a distortion of the magnetic field at the coil end through a schematic illustration of distribution of three magnetic force components experienced by the turns of the coil. It concludes with information on some case studies of numerical simulation.