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Schematic of the direct current electrical potential crack monitoring syste...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Book Chapter
Detection and Monitoring of Fatigue Cracks
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... Abstract This article describes the test techniques that are available for monitoring crack initiation and crack growth and for obtaining information on fatigue damage in test specimens. These techniques include optical methods, the compliance method, electric potential measurement, and gel...
Abstract
This article describes the test techniques that are available for monitoring crack initiation and crack growth and for obtaining information on fatigue damage in test specimens. These techniques include optical methods, the compliance method, electric potential measurement, and gel electrode imaging methods. The article discusses the magnetic techniques that are primarily used as inspection techniques for detecting fatigue cracks in structural components. It details the principles and operation procedures of the liquid penetrant methods, positron annihilation techniques, acoustic emission techniques, ultrasonic methods, eddy current techniques, infrared techniques, exoelectron methods, and gamma radiography. The article explains the microscopy methods used to determine fatigue crack initiation and propagation. These include electron microscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning acoustic microscopy. The article also reviews the X-ray diffraction technique used for determining the compositional changes, strain changes, and residual stress evaluation during the fatigue process.
Book Chapter
Fatigue Crack Growth Testing
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... are to ensure suitability of the test data and to calculate growth rates from the data. The article presents an analysis of the crack growth data. Optical, compliance, and electric potential difference are the most common laboratory techniques, and the article reviews their merits and limitations. Forced...
Abstract
This article describes the fracture mechanics in fatigue. It discusses the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) testing that consists of several steps, beginning with selecting the specimen size, geometry, and crack length measurement technique. The two major aspects of FCGR test analysis are to ensure suitability of the test data and to calculate growth rates from the data. The article presents an analysis of the crack growth data. Optical, compliance, and electric potential difference are the most common laboratory techniques, and the article reviews their merits and limitations. Forced-displacement, forced-vibration, rotational-bending, resonance, and servomechanical systems for various loading conditions are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Fatigue Crack Growth Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003317
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., such as electric potential or compliance. Precracking The K -calibration functions found in ASTM E 647 and E 399 are valid for sharp cracks within the range of crack length specified. Consequently, before testing begins, a sharp fatigue crack that is long enough to avoid the effects of the machined notch...
Abstract
Testing and characterization of fatigue crack growth are used extensively to predict the rate at which subcritical cracks grow due to fatigue loading. ASTM standard E 647 is the accepted guideline for fatigue crack growth testing (FCGR) and is applicable to a wide variety of materials and growth rates. The two most widely used types of specimens are the middle-crack tension and compact-type specimens. This article describes the factors affecting the selection of appropriate geometries of these specimens: consideration of material availability and raw form, desired loading condition, and equipment limitations. Various crack measurement techniques, including optical, ultrasonic, acoustic emission, electrical, and compliance methods, are also reviewed. The article discusses the two major aspects of FCGR test analysis: to ensure suitability of the test data and to calculate growth rates from the data.
Image
Corrosion-fatigue fracture in aluminum alloy 7075-T6 tested in a 3.5% NaCl ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 1048 Corrosion-fatigue fracture in aluminum alloy 7075-T6 tested in a 3.5% NaCl solution. During testing, specimen was subjected to an applied electrical potential of −0.700 mV as measured against a standard calomel electrode. A mixture of ductile striations (at A) and brittle striations
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Corrosion-fatigue fracture in a specimen of aluminum alloy 7075-T6 tested i...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 1049 Corrosion-fatigue fracture in a specimen of aluminum alloy 7075-T6 tested in a 3.5% NaCl solution and, during testing, subjected to an applied electrical potential of −1.200 mV (versus −0.700 mV for the specimen in Fig. 1048 ). Surface shows brittle striations with typical
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Image
Corrosion-fatigue fracture in a specimen of aluminum alloy 7075-T6 that, li...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1987
Fig. 1050 Corrosion-fatigue fracture in a specimen of aluminum alloy 7075-T6 that, like the specimen in Fig. 1049 , was tested in a 3.5% NaCl solution while subjected to an applied electrical potential of −1.200 mV. Note the extremely large striation spacing; only two readily apparent
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Book Chapter
Electromagnetic Problem Solutions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005877
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... T where A denotes the magnetic vector potential, φ e is the scalar potential of electric field, φ m is the scalar potential of magnetic field, and T is the vector potential of current density field. The distribution of the magnetic flux density ( B ) could be determined based...
Abstract
Electromagnetic problem solutions are based on the macroscopic theory of the continuous model for the electromagnetic field (EMF). It is described by a system of integral or partial differential equations for five vector quantities, namely, electric field strength, electric flux density, current density, magnetic field strength, and magnetic flux density. This article describes the behavior of the EMF by Maxwell's equations in integral or differential forms. It discusses the definition of potentials; methods of mathematical modeling; boundary conditions; and energy, power density, and electromagnetic forces.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... by or accelerated by electrical potential differences, but in such cases, it is actually the electric-field strength (i.e., the ratio of potential difference to physical separation) that is the ultimate driving force; accordingly, during circuit-board design, spacing between adjacent electrical conductors must...
Abstract
This article focuses on the various types of corrosion-related failure mechanisms and their effects on passive electrical components. The types include halide-induced corrosion, organic-acid-induced corrosion, electrochemical metal migration, silver tarnish, fretting, and metal whiskers. The passive electrical components include resistors, capacitors, wound components, sensors, transducers, relays, switches, connectors, printed circuit boards, and hardware.
Book Chapter
Abbreviations and Symbols: Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... units CE copper-accelerated acetic acid Ecell electrical potential AOD American National Standards CEOC Ecorr standard electrical potential API salt spray (test) Ee applied potential aq Institute CFC critical crevice temperature Eg breakdown potential AR argon-oxygen decarburization CISCC control rod...
Book
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.9781627081849
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
Book Chapter
Methods, Tools, and Software for Physical Process Analysis and Design
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005876
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... and the magnetic field obey a parabolic diffusion equation: (Eq 4) Δ E _ = j ω μ σ E _ (Eq 5) Δ H _ = j ω μ σ H _ For such problems, it is convenient to introduce the vector magnetic potential A or the electric vector potential T , expressed in terms...
Abstract
Designing of induction heating, or, generally electro technological installations, requires mathematical modeling for solving problems related to various physical phenomena, including electromagnetic (EM), thermal, mechanical, fluidic, and metallurgical fields. This article focuses on the solution of Maxwell's equations (MEs) and provides some basic information regarding the heat transfer and fluid equations, because these physical phenomena usually are strongly coupled to magnetic and electric fields. The solutions are usually obtained by using specific numerical methods such as finite-element method, finite difference method, boundary-element method or volume-integral method, and direct-solution method. The article also discusses the typical structure of commercial codes (preprocessor, solver, and postprocessor) to solve field problems mainly in finite-element method.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003307
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., temperature, and number of completed cycles. As discussed in subsequent sections, the electric potential drop method, in which fluctuations in potential in a constructed voltage loop are monitored, is often used to calculate the crack length during testing. In order to prepare for this method, the specimen...
Abstract
Predicting the service life of structural components involves creep-fatigue crack growth (CFCG) testing under pure creep conditions. This article provides a discussion on the loading condition and the type of ductile and brittle material showing creep behavior. It focuses on a description of the experimental method that should be followed in conducting tests of CFCG with various hold times. The article describes the testing conditions, definitions, and the necessary calculations of various crack-tip parameters considered during static and cyclic loading in time-dependent fracture mechanics. The parameters considered for static loading are C*, C(t), C*(t), C*h, Ct, and Cst(t). For cyclic loading, the parameters are delta Jc and (Ct)avg. An overview of life-prediction models is also provided.
Book Chapter
Abbreviations and Symbols for Corrosion: Materials
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0006540
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... electrical potential Eo, Eo standard potential value Eappl applied potential Ebd, Eb breakdown potential Ecell reversible electrode cell potential Ecorr corrosion potential Ee equilibrium potential Eg galvanic potential Ep pitting potential; passivation potential Epass passivation potential Epit critical...
Book Chapter
Abbreviations and Symbols: Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003719
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... rate per unit time GPS global positioning system angstrom dc direct current e natural log base, 2.71828. . . GTA gas tungsten arc AA Aluminum Association e electron E electrical potential GTAW gas tungsten arc welded ac alternating current Eo standard potential value Eappl applied potential h hour...
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002362
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
....) Temperature Types of environments: gaseous, liquid, liquid metal, etc. Partial pressure of damaging species in gaseous environments Concentration of damaging species in aqueous or other liquid environments Electrical potential pH Viscosity of the environment Coatings, inhibitors, etc. Maximum stress...
Abstract
This article focuses on the corrosion fatigue testing of steel in high-temperature water and discusses critical experimental issues associated with it. It provides information on the fundamental aspects of environmental crack advancement in general. The article explains the concepts and role of environmentally assisted crack growth in corrosion fatigue. It also discusses the fatigue test methods, including crack initiation testing and crack propagation testing. The article describes the specific types and influence rankings of experimental variables in corrosion fatigue.
Book Chapter
Thermocouple Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003158
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... the ends of a pair of dissimilar metal wires is deduced from a measurement of the difference in the thermo-electric potentials developed alone the wires. The presence of a temperature gradient in a metal or alloy leads to an electric potential gradient being set up along the temperature gradient...
Abstract
Thermocouple devices are the most widely used devices for measurement of temperature in the metals industry. Favorable characteristics of these devices include good accuracy, suitability over a wide temperature range, fast thermal response, ruggedness, high reliability, low cost, and great versatility of application. Thermocouples are grouped into two broad categories, namely, standard thermocouples, including five base-metal thermocouples and three noble-metal thermocouples that have been given letter designations, and nonstandard thermocouples, including iridium-rhodium, platinum-molybdenum, platinel, and tungsten-rhenium thermocouples. This article discusses the basic principles, classification, and properties of thermocouples, and the techniques for insulating and protecting thermocouple wires from the operating environment.
Book Chapter
Elevated-Temperature Crack Growth
Available to PurchaseBook: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002389
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... relying on retirement-for-cause philosophy to determine the end of service life for parts ( Ref 3 , 4 , 5 ). Despite the sophisticated methods of flaw detection that are available, defects and impurities are commonly present in all large components and can potentially escape detection. In the high...
Abstract
This article describes the concepts for characterizing and predicting elevated-temperature crack growth in structural materials. It discusses both creep and creep-fatigue crack growth and focuses mainly on creep crack growth tests that are carried out in accordance with ASTM E 1457. The article provides information on typical test procedures and equipment used for these tests. It concludes with information on crack growth correlations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003578
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... are associated with specific electrode potentials. The charged interface results in an electric field that extends into the solution and has a dramatic effect. A solution that contains water as the primary solvent is affected by the electric field near the metal because of its structure. Water is polar...
Abstract
Electrochemical, or electrode, reactions occur with charge transfer between neutral or ionic reactants and a conducting material called the electrode. This article discusses cathodic reactions that result in reduction and anodic reactions that result in oxidation. It reviews the effects of an electric field near an electrode and illustrates the solvation of ions in metal-aqueous solution.
Book Chapter
Simulated Service Testing in Soil
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003651
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... continuous corrosion rate data is to use electrical measurements that take advantage of the electrochemical nature of underground corrosion. Another method is to employ real-time electrical resistance corrosion probes. In the polarization resistance technique, the potential of a metallic specimen...
Abstract
This article describes the test methods for evaluating the durability of a metal in soil. It provides useful information on soil characteristics such as soil electrical resistivity, pH value, and soil texture. Specimen design, preparation, burial, and retrieval techniques are discussed. The type of information sought during soil-induced corrosion evaluation controls the design configuration and the nature of the corrosion measurements. Consideration of these factors during the planning stage helps the corrosion engineer to obtain the maximum amount of information with the minimum number of problems.
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