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dynamic triaxial load cell
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Published: 01 January 2000
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003301
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... system and the dynamic triaxial load cell on a 19-mm Hopkinson bar. lateral compression pneumatic pressure vessel 75-mm Hopkinson system concrete rock polymeric composites coarse microstructure dynamic triaxial load cell 19-mm Hopkinson bar triaxial Hopkinson techniques axial compression...
Abstract
Triaxial Hopkinson techniques can be used to simultaneously subject a sample to axial and lateral compressions. The lateral compression may be applied through a pneumatic pressure vessel or dynamically using a special Hopkinson technique. This article reviews these two techniques in detail. It illustrates a 75-mm Hopkinson system, particularly designed to test large samples of concrete, rock, polymeric composites, and other materials with relatively coarse microstructures. The article also provides information on the pneumatic pressure vessel for a 75-mm Hopkinson bar test system and the dynamic triaxial load cell on a 19-mm Hopkinson bar.
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Published: 01 January 2000
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003308
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... DYNAMIC FRACTURE occurs under a rapidly applied load, such as that produced by impact or by explosive detonation. In contrast to quasi-static loading, dynamic conditions involve loading rates that are greater than those encountered in conventional tensile tests or fracture mechanics tests. Dynamic...
Abstract
Measurement and analysis of fracture behavior under high loading rates is carried out by different test methods. This article provides a discussion on the history and types of notch-toughness tests and focuses exclusively on notch-toughness tests with emphasis on the Charpy impact test. It reviews the requirements of test specimens, test machine, testing procedure and machine verification, application, and determination of fracture appearance and lateral expansion according to ASTM A370, E 23, and A 593 specifications. In addition, the article includes information on the instrumentation, standards and requirements, and limitations of instrumented Charpy impact test, which is carried out in specimens with induced fatigue precrack. The article concludes with a review of the requirements of drop weight testing and the specimens used in other notch-toughness tests.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... incrementally at room temperature wherein the specimen height and lateral dimensions are measured after each increment of deformation. For high-temperature deformation or continuous testing, the test-equipment load cell and crosshead displacement can be used to determine the load and dimensional changes...
Abstract
Compression tests are used for subscale testing and characterizing the mechanical behavior of anisotropic materials. This article discusses the characteristics of deformation during axial compression testing, including deformation modes, compressive properties, and compression-test deformation mechanics. It describes the procedures for the use of compression testing for the measurement of the deformation and fracture properties of materials. The article provides a detailed discussion on the technique involved in determining the stress-strain behavior of metallic materials based on the ASTM E 9, "Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature." It also reviews the factors that influence the generation of test data for tests conducted in accordance with the ASTM E 9 and the capabilities of conventional universal testing machines for compression testing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... importance to understanding interactions between shock and the structure, continues to make spallation research of primary scientific and engineering interest. A systematic representation of the idealized process of release wave overlap driving a material into a dynamic tension, uniaxial strain, loading...
Abstract
The study of the physical properties of ductile solids subjected to shock wave loading is undertaken to understand how the thermodynamic conditions and strain rate affect material response. This article presents a description of a range of possible experimental techniques to quantify the structure/property effects of planar shock waves on ductile materials (metals and alloys) due to the wave propagation through the material. The techniques include explosive-driven shock-loading methods, shock-loading methods using exploding foil and laser-driven impactors, gas/powder launcher-driven shock loading methods, and radiation-driven shock-loading methods. Design parameters for shock recovery fixtures, spallation fixtures, and the flyer-plate experiment, are also discussed.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002380
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
.... 3 Test fixtures for the K Ic test specimens. (a) Fixtures for the bend test. (b) Clevises for the compact specimen For the K Ic test, a continuous measurement of load and displacement is required during the test. The load is measured by a load cell, which should be on all loading...
Abstract
This article describes the test methods of fracture toughness, namely, linear-elastic and nonlinear fracture toughness testing methods. Linear-elastic fracture toughness testing includes slow and rapid loading, crack initiation, and crack arrest method. Nonlinear testing comprises J IC testing, J-R curve evaluation, and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) method. Other methods used include the combined J standard method, the common fracture toughness test, transition fracture toughness testing, and the weldment fracture testing method.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0009010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... kN (10 tons) of force in tension at displacement rates up to 2000 mm/s (80 in./s). Different load cells allow static-load measurement to be tailored to the specific application. Control modes that are available include displacement, force, true stress, true strain, engineering stress, and engineering...
Abstract
This article discusses two types of hot-tension tests, namely, the Gleeble test and conventional isothermal hot-tension test, as well as their equipment. It summarizes the data for hot ductility, strength, and hot-tension for commercial alloys. The article presents isothermal hot-tension test data, which helps to gain information on a number of material parameters and material coefficients. It details the effect of test conditions on flow behavior. The article briefly describes the detailed interpretation of data from the isothermal hot-tension test using numerical model. It also explains the cavitation mechanism and failure modes that occur during hot-tension testing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005531
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... the yield criterion for porous material must be determined from combined stress tests that simultaneously apply a hydrostatic stress and a shear, or deviatoric, stress. One instrument for this purpose is a triaxial compaction cell, illustrated in Fig. 17 ( Ref 5 ). Through various combinations of triaxial...
Abstract
Power metallurgy (PM) is a process of shaping metal powders into near-net or net shape parts combined with densification or consolidation processes for the development of final material and design properties. This article introduces the general considerations, models, and applications in the modeling of PM processes. It describes the PM process in terms of powder compaction and sintering. The article schematically illustrates powder injection molding for the production of plastic parts and describes PM process models such as discrete-element model (DEM), linear continuum model, and nonlinear continuum model. It concludes with information on the application of press and sinter modeling to practical problems in PM.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... structures, in particular, the principles of structural joints in composite materials. The most important lesson for designers today is that the wood (a natural composite) in the Mosquito was used only to carry in-plane loads. Metal fittings were used for all triaxially loaded components—the landing gear...
Abstract
This article discusses the requirements for designing repairable composite structures such as a honeycomb sandwich panel construction and integrally stiffened co-cured composite structures. It reviews the general and specific design guidelines for bolted or riveted repairs and adhesively bonded repairs of the composite structures. The article presents several examples to illustrate how these repairs can be achieved.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003309
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... load displacement curves to increase monotonically to fracture by inducing a highly triaxial stress field at the crack tip. Because a Charpy specimen is small, deep side grooves produce a triaxial stress field at the notch and thus promote crack initiation. The extent of the side grooving...
Abstract
This article describes the types, mechanism, and typical test methods along with their configurations for the evaluation of hydrogen embrittlement, stress-corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue with an emphasis on fracture mechanics methodologies for metals. An overview on the environmentally assisted crack growth of polymers is also included. The article details the evaluation of nanoscale environmental effects and indentation-induced cohesive cracking. It also provides information on scanning probe microscopy.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... with a traceable load cell, but the hardness values themselves are empirical. The result is a value that is not directly traceable to any standard, national or otherwise. In the future, the values will be absolute, and will be traceable to a government standard. The hardness program at the National Institute...
Abstract
This article reviews the various types of mechanical testing methods, including hardness testing; tension testing; compression testing; dynamic fracture testing; fracture toughness testing; fatigue life testing; fatigue crack growth testing; and creep, stress-rupture, and stress-relaxation testing. Shear testing, torsion testing, and formability testing are also discussed. The discussion of tension testing includes information about stress-strain curves and the properties described by them.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.9781627081825
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... and destructive testing, chemical analysis Loading direction can show failure was secondary Short-term, high-temperature, high-stress rupture has ductile appearance (see creep) Load exceeded the dynamic strength of the part Check for proper alloy and processing, as well as proper toughness, grain...
Abstract
Analysis of the failure of a metal structure or part usually requires identification of the type of failure. Failure can occur by one or more of several mechanisms, including surface damage (such as corrosion or wear), elastic or plastic distortion, and fracture. This leads to a wide range of failures, including fatigue failure, distortion failure, wear failure, corrosion failure, stress-corrosion cracking, liquid-metal embrittlement, hydrogen-damage failure, corrosion-fatigue failure, and elevated-temperature failure. This article describes the classification of fractures on a macroscopic scale as ductile fractures, brittle fractures, fatigue fractures, and fractures resulting from the combined effects of stress and environment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.9781627081856
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.9781627081979
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006344
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... provides information on the classification of gray irons based on ASTM International specification A48/A48M. It discusses the loading effect, surface effect, notch sensitivity, and environmental effect on the mechanical properties of gray iron. The chemical composition ranges of some of the more widely...
Abstract
A wide range of mechanical properties can be obtained with a given composition of cast iron, depending on the microstructural constituents that form during solidification and subsequent solid-state processing. This article discusses the mechanical properties of gray iron and provides some general property comparisons with malleable, ductile (nodular), and compacted graphite irons. The mechanical properties of gray iron are determined by the combined effects of its chemical composition, processing technique in the foundry, and cooling rates during solidification. The article provides information on the classification of gray irons based on ASTM International specification A48/A48M. It discusses the loading effect, surface effect, notch sensitivity, and environmental effect on the mechanical properties of gray iron. The chemical composition ranges of some of the more widely used heat-resistant gray irons suitable for elevated-temperature service are presented in a table.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002361
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... enough to allow significant dissolution at the crack tip. The dynamic nature of the anodic dissolution and repassivation processes is schematically illustrated in Fig. 2 . Under fatigue loading, a slip step forms at the crack tip and ruptures the protective surface film ( Fig. 2B ). The freshly...
Abstract
Corrosion fatigue refers to the phenomenon of cracking in materials under the combined actions of fatigue loading and a corrosive environment. This article focuses on the various mechanisms of corrosion fatigue, namely, hydrogen-assisted cracking, anodic dissolution, and surface energy reduction. It discusses the variables affecting corrosion fatigue. The effect of fatigue load frequency, environment, grain size, stress ratio, waveform, and temperature fatigue crack growth are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005508
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... on load requirements and metal flow for different materials. To be useful in the analysis of a forming process, the flow stress of a metal should be determined experimentally for the strain, strain rate, and temperature conditions that exist during the process and for the specific microstructural...
Abstract
This article describes the most commonly used test methods for determining flow stress in metal-forming processes. The methods include tension, ring, uniform compression, plane-strain compression, torsion, split-Hopkinson bar, and indentation tests. The article discusses the effect of deformation heating on flow stress. It provides metallurgical considerations at hot working temperatures and presents flow curves at conventional metalworking strain rates. The article describes the effect of microstructural scale, crystallographic texture, and equiaxed phases on flow stress at hot working temperatures. It tabulates a summary of certain values describing the flow stress-strain rate relation for steels, aluminum alloys, copper alloys, titanium alloys, and other metals at various temperatures.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.9781627081863
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3