Fig. 3 Example of flashing when a stainless steel (duplex stainless steel in this case), polished with colloidal silica, is etched with a reagent containing chlorine ions. Glyceregia etch More

Fig. 63 Effect of ferrite content on the time to failure for duplex stainless steels in boiling 42% MgCl 2 under an applied stress of 240 MPa (34.8 ksi). Source: Ref 368 More

Fig. 39 Comparison of tool life for a duplex stainless steel (S32950), a high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel (S20910), and a lower-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel (S31600). Tool life is measured as the distance traveled along a 25 mm (1.0 in.) diam bar until tool failure. Shaded areas More

Fig. 43 Photomicrograph of a duplex stainless steel showing elongated austenite islands in the ferrite matrix. The mill-annealed 19.1 mm (0.752 in.) thick plate sample is a longitudinal section etched using 15 ml HCl in 100 ml ethyl alcohol. 200× More

Fig. 25 Comparison of tool life for a duplex stainless steel (S32950), a high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel (S20910), and a lower-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel (S31600). Tool life is measured as the distance traveled along a 25 mm (1.0 in.) diam bar until tool failure. Shaded areas More

Fig. 3 Rotating bending fatigue strength of duplex stainless steel in salt solution More

Fig. 12 Air and corrosion fatigue behavior of duplex stainless steel 22Cr-5Ni-3Mo. 250 MPa mean stress at 50 Hz. Source: Ref 43 More

Fig. 18 Microstructure of wrought 7-Mo duplex stainless steel (Fe-<0.1%C-27.5%Cr-4.5%Ni-1.5%Mo) solution annealed and then aged 48 h at 816 °C (1500 °F) to form sigma. Electrolytic etching with aqueous 20% NaOH (3 V direct current, 10 s) revealed the ferrite as tan and the sigma as orange More

Fig. 30 Microstructure of 7-Mo PLUS duplex stainless steel (Fe-<0.03%C-<2%Mn-27.5%Cr-4.85%Ni-1.75%Mo-0.25%N) welded with Nitronic 50, etched with Beraha's BI reagent, and viewed with bright-field illumination. Ferrite is colored, and austenite is unaffected. The magnification bar is 200 More

Fig. 51 Microstructure of as-cast ASTM A 890-5A duplex stainless steel (Fe-<0.03%C-<1.5%Mn-<1%Si-25%Cr-7%Ni-4.5%Mo-0.2%N) in the solution-annealed condition. Etched with LB1 (100 mL water, 20 g NH4FHF, and 0.5 g K 2 S 2 O 5 ). Austenite is colored, and ferrite is unaffected. Because More

Fig. 5 Isocorrosion diagram for a duplex stainless steel, Ferralium alloy 255, in H 2 SO 4 +HCl mixtures at 52 °C (125 °F). Data point values and contour lines are corrosion rate in mils/yr. More

Fig. 67 Ferrite-austenite grain structure of 2205 duplex stainless steel etched with aqueous 20% NaOH at 3 V dc for 15 s to color ferrite. (a) Solution annealed at 1200 °C (2190 °F). (b) After high-temperature exposure at 800 °C (1470 °F) for 2 h, producing σ phase (dark spots). (c) After 8 h More

Fig. 44 Microstructure of a typical mill-annealed duplex stainless steel plate showing elongated austenite islands in the ferrite matrix. Etched in 15 mL HCl in 100 mL ethyl alcohol. 200× More

Fig. 2 Microstructure of cast Fe-22Cr-5.5Ni-3Mo-0.15N duplex stainless steel etched electrolytically in 40% NaOH. 25×. Courtesy of The Welding Institute More

Fig. 49 Duplex stainless steel 2205 weld showing stress-corrosion crack on the inside diameter of the vessel More

Fig. 50 Duplex stainless steel 2205 stress-corrosion cracks in the heat-affected zone of the vessel More

Fig. 26 Duplex stainless steel etched with electrolytic potassium hydroxide More

Fig. 9 Microstructure of 7-Mo PLUS duplex stainless steel (Fe-<0.03C-<2%Mn-27.5%Cr-4.85%Ni-1.75%Mo-0.25%N) etched using Beraha’s reagent (15 mL HCl, 85 mL water, 1 g K 2 S 2 O 5 ) and viewed using bright-field illumination. Ferrite is colored and austenite is unaffected More

Fig. 48 A 7-Mo PLUS duplex stainless steel etched with Beraha’s reagent (15 mL HCl, 85 mL water, 1 g K 2 S 2 O 5 ). Ferrite is colored, and austenite is unaffected. Original magnification: 200×. Courtesy of George F. Vander Voort, Vander Voort Consulting More

Fig. 4 Toughness of solution-annealed duplex stainless steel castings (closed symbols) and companion wrought alloys (open symbols) as a function of test temperature. Source: Ref 4 More