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dual-microstructure processing
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... and titanium alloys. The TMP techniques include retained-strain processing, dual-microstructure processing, and dual-alloy processing. The article also describes the TMP of alpha-beta titanium alloys, including fine-grain processing, hybrid-structure processing, dual-microstructure processing, and dual-alloy...
Abstract
The thermomechanical processing (TMP) of conventional and advanced nickel and titanium-base alloys is aimed at altering or enhancing one or more metallurgical features within the material and component. This article presents a number of examples of the TMP of nickel-base superalloys and titanium alloys. The TMP techniques include retained-strain processing, dual-microstructure processing, and dual-alloy processing. The article also describes the TMP of alpha-beta titanium alloys, including fine-grain processing, hybrid-structure processing, dual-microstructure processing, and dual-alloy processing. It concludes with a discussion on computer simulation of advanced TMP processes.
Image
Published: 01 June 2016
Fig. 40 (a) Schematic of dual-microstructure heat treating process apparatus. (b) Micrograph of dual-microstructure heat treated disk. Source: Ref 36
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Image
Published: 01 February 2024
Fig. 53 Schematic of thermal processing and microstructures obtained in dual-phase, complex-phase, transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP), and martensitic grades. Adapted from Ref 57
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001026
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... Abstract Dual-phase steels are a new class of high-strength low alloy (HSLA) steels characterized by a microstructure consisting of about 20% hard martensite particles dispersed in a soft ductile ferrite matrix. In addition to high tensile strength, in the range of 550 MPa (80 ksi), dual-phase...
Abstract
Dual-phase steels are a new class of high-strength low alloy (HSLA) steels characterized by a microstructure consisting of about 20% hard martensite particles dispersed in a soft ductile ferrite matrix. In addition to high tensile strength, in the range of 550 MPa (80 ksi), dual-phase steels exhibit continuous yielding behavior, a low 0.2% offset yield strength, and a higher total elongation than other HSLA steels of similar strength. The article discusses some of the more pertinent aspects of dual-phase steels, such as heat treatment, microstructure, mechanical properties, chemical composition, and manufacturability. In general, these steels have a carbon content of less than 0.1%, which ensures that they can be spot welded. However, newer high-carbon dual-phase steels in development are generating interest due to their unique combination of total elongation and tensile strength.
Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 4 Macrograph of the cross section of a turbine disk processed to a dual microstructure by a transient-heating method. Courtesy of Ladish Company, Inc.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005867
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... the metallurgy of the core. This article provides an overview of gear technology and materials selection. It describes different gear-hardening patterns, namely, tooth-by-tooth hardening, tip-by-tip hardening, gap-by-gap hardening, spin hardening, single-frequency gear hardening, dual-frequency gear hardening...
Abstract
Induction hardening is a prominent method in the gear manufacturing industry due to its ability of selectively hardening portions of a gear such as the flanks, roots, and/or tips of teeth with desired hardness, wearing resistance, and contact fatigue strength without affecting the metallurgy of the core. This article provides an overview of gear technology and materials selection. It describes different gear-hardening patterns, namely, tooth-by-tooth hardening, tip-by-tip hardening, gap-by-gap hardening, spin hardening, single-frequency gear hardening, dual-frequency gear hardening, simultaneous dual-frequency gear hardening, and through heating for surface hardening. It provides information on the different inspection methods based on the American Gear Manufacturers Association, revealing metallurgical data, hardness, and dimensions of gears. In addition, the article presents a comparative study on the mechanical properties of contour-hardened and carburized gears. It concludes by describing typical failures of induction-hardened steels and the corresponding prevention methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005869
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... attractive. High standards of repeatability of the energy input into the part make the process safe and stable. The development of simultaneous dual-frequency (SDF) generators with a high power output in the last 10 years also has led to an increase in the use of induction hardening. Past development...
Abstract
Induction hardening of geared parts used in aeronautic and aerospace industry is an important technology because of its one-piece flow, repeatability, energy efficiency, and tighter control of surface distortion than conventional carburizing. This article describes the requirements and characteristics of induction hardening of transmission parts, such as bearings, shafts, and different types of gears, including bevel gears, spur wheel gears, helical gears, and splines. It provides information on process monitoring and the economic aspects of induction hardening.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006094
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... to powder and by consolidation methods that achieved full density without melting powder particles. A further benefit of the powder metallurgy (PM) process is that consolidated products develop fine grain microstructures from extrusion and billet conversion, which are superplastic and amenable to isothermal...
Abstract
Superalloys are predominantly nickel-base alloys that are strengthened by solid-solution elements including molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, and by precipitation of a Ni 3 (Al, Ti) type compound designated as gamma prime and/or a metastable Ni 3 Nb precipitate designated as gamma double prime. This article provides a discussion on the conventional processing, compositions, characteristics, mechanical properties, and applications of powder metallurgy (PM) superalloys. The conventional processing of PM superalloys involves production of spherical prealloyed powder, screening to a suitable maximum particle size, blending the powder to homogenize powder size distribution, loading powder into containers, vacuum outgassing and sealing the containers, and consolidating the powder to full density. PM superalloys include Rene 95, IN-100, LC Astroloy, Udimet 720, N18, ME16, RR1000, Rene 88DT, PA101, MERL 76, AF2-1DA, Inconel 706, AF115, and KM4. The article reviews specialized PM superalloy processes and technical issues in the usage of PM superalloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... Improvements in hole expansion by modification of microstructure. TRIP, transformation-induced plasticity; DP, dual phase. Source: Ref 6 Properties of HSS and AHSS <xref rid="a0005163-ref3" ref-type="bibr">(Ref 3)</xref> Plastic Flow A comparison between typical engineering stress-strain curves...
Abstract
This article provides information on the classification of high-strength steels (HSS) and advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) and tabulates designation of HSS and AHSS as recommended by the American Iron and Steel Institute. It reviews the major grades of HSS and AHSS that are used or will potentially be used in industrial applications. The article discusses different stamping issues such as edge cracking and springback, encountered during forming of AHSS, and lists guidelines for reducing springback in stamped components. It concludes with a discussion on the major advantages and disadvantages of using HSS and AHSS in automotive applications.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005504
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... simulations of microstructural evolution during materials processing and materials response. It also explains how the 3-D experimental data are actually input and used in the simulations using phase-field modeling and finite-element modeling. finite element method focused ion beam tomography...
Abstract
This article reviews the characterization methods for producing 3-D microstructural data sets. The methods include serial sectioning by mechanical material removal method and focused ion beam tomography method. The article describes how these data sets are used in realistic 3-D simulations of microstructural evolution during materials processing and materials response. It also explains how the 3-D experimental data are actually input and used in the simulations using phase-field modeling and finite-element modeling.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005787
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... diagrams represent transformation from a fully austenitized, relatively homogeneous condition, which is not always desirable or obtainable in annealing. In the continuous annealing process, the intercritical annealing is leveraged to develop dual-phase and tri-phase microstructures, with final...
Abstract
Steels may be annealed to facilitate cold working or machining, to improve mechanical or electrical properties, or to promote dimensional stability. This article, using iron-carbon phase diagram, describes the types of annealing processes, namely, subcritical annealing, intercritical annealing, supercritical or full annealing, and process annealing. Spheroidizing is performed for improving the cold formability of steels. The article provides guidelines for annealing and tabulates the critical temperature values for selected carbon and low-alloy steels and recommended temperatures and time cycles for annealing of alloy steels and carbon steel forgings. Different combinations of annealed microstructure and hardness are significant in terms of machinability. Furnaces for annealing are of two basic types, batch furnaces and continuous furnaces. The article concludes with a description of the annealing processes for steel sheets and strips, forgings, bars, rods, wires, and plates.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01.a0001008
EISBN: 978-1-62708-161-0
... Abstract This article describes microstructures and microstructure-property relationships in steels. It emphasizes the correlation of microstructure and properties as a function of carbon content and processing in low-alloy steels. The article discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram...
Abstract
This article describes microstructures and microstructure-property relationships in steels. It emphasizes the correlation of microstructure and properties as a function of carbon content and processing in low-alloy steels. The article discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the phase transformations that change the structure and properties at varying levels of carbon content. Microstructures described include pearlite, bainite, proeutectoid ferrite and cementite, ferrite-pearlite, and martensite. The article depicts some of the primary processing steps that result in ferrite-pearlite microstructures. It shows the range of hardness levels which may be obtained by tempering at various temperatures as a function of the carbon content of the steel. To reduce the number of processing steps associated with producing quenched and tempered microstructures, new alloying approaches have been developed to produce high-strength microstructures directly during cooling after forging.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003761
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... steels; in fact, in most cases it is highly undesirable. However, it is a desirable and necessary constituent in some special low-carbon advanced high-strength steels. These are the dual-phase and steels. Islands of martensite can be seen in the dual-phase steel microstructure in Fig. 10 . Special...
Abstract
This article reviews various phases and constituents found in the microstructures of low-carbon and coated steels. It provides information on the criteria for selecting proper metallographic procedures. Techniques used to prepare metallographic specimens of low-carbon steels and coated steels, such as sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching, are discussed. The article also reviews the simple and proven manual sample preparation techniques of coated steel specimens.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003721
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... are rod-shaped particles embedded in a matrix and cellular precipitates. Another important example is the type of dual-phase HSLA sheet steels characterized by a microstructure consisting of about 20% hard martensite particles dispersed in a soft ductile ferrite matrix ( Fig. 7 ). The term dual phase...
Abstract
This article provides information on the general structural features and origins of metals. The characteristic structural features of single-phase metals and alloys, such as grain structure and substructure, are discussed. The article also describes the major types of multiphase structures and macrostructure of metals and alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003527
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... is an investigative process in which visual observations are made and conclusions are drawn based on physical evidence and features present on a failed component. Recording the features observed in a failure analysis is critical both to document the component condition and to communicate the results of the failure...
Abstract
This article reviews photographic principles, namely, visual examination, field photographic documentation, and laboratory photographic documentation, as applied to failure analysis and the specific techniques employed in both the field and laboratory. It provides information on the photographic equipment used in failure analysis and on film and digital photography. The article describes the basics of photography and the uses of different types of lighting in photography of a fractured surface. The article also addresses the techniques involved in macrophotography and microscopic photography as well as other special techniques.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005772
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... or change in microstructure has occurred after 30 days of exposure to 650 °C (1200 °F) temperature. Boriding of Ferrous Materials The boriding process consists of two types of reaction ( Ref 8 ). The first reaction takes place between the boron-yielding substance and the component surface...
Abstract
Boriding is a thermochemical diffusion-based surface-hardening process that can be applied to a wide variety of ferrous, nonferrous, and cermet materials. It is performed on metal components as a solution for extending the life of metal parts that wear out too quickly in applications involving severe wear. This article presents a variety of methods and media used for boriding of ferrous materials, and explains their advantages, limitations, and applications. These methods include pack cementation boriding, gas boriding, plasma boriding, electroless salt bath boriding, electrolytic salt bath boriding, and fluidized-bed boriding. The article briefly describes the chemical vapor deposition process, which has emerged to be dominant among metal-boride deposition processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04a.a0005786
EISBN: 978-1-62708-165-8
... microstructure in many steels, which transforms during later processing or heat treatment to the microstructure desired in the particular steel alloy of interest. Austenitization refers to heating into the austenite phase field, during which the austenite structure is formed. Austenite is the high-temperature...
Abstract
Austenitization refers to heating into the austenite phase field, during which the austenite structure is formed. This article highlights the purpose of austenitization, and reviews the mechanism and importance of thermodynamics and kinetics of austenite structure using an iron-carbon binary phase diagram. It also describes the effects of austenite grain size, and provides useful information on controlling the austenite grain size using the thermomechanical process.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4F
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v4F.a0006995
EISBN: 978-1-62708-450-5
... classified as malleable, white, gray, and nodular irons; Fig. 2 shows a schematic representation of their processing. Table 2 shows the classification of cast irons according to their microstructure and fracture appearance. Some alloying elements promote the formation of cementite and have a whitening...
Abstract
Steels are among the most versatile materials in modifying their microstructure and properties by heat treatment. This article outlines the basic concepts of physical metallurgy relating to the heat treatment of steel. It considers the phases and microstructures of steel together with the transformations observed and critical temperatures during heat treatment. Additionally, the different types of steels, heat treatments, and their purposes are also discussed.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003090
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract The properties of irons and steels are linked to the chemical composition, processing path, and resulting microstructure of the material. For a particular iron and steel composition, most properties depend on microstructure. Processing is a means to develop and control microstructure...
Abstract
The properties of irons and steels are linked to the chemical composition, processing path, and resulting microstructure of the material. For a particular iron and steel composition, most properties depend on microstructure. Processing is a means to develop and control microstructure, for example, hot rolling, quenching, and so forth. This article describes the role of these factors in both theoretical and practical terms, with particular focus on the role of microstructure. It lists the mechanical properties of selected steels in various heat-treated or cold-worked conditions. In steels and cast irons, the microstructural constituents have the names ferrite, pearlite, bainite, martensite, cementite, and austenite. The article presents four examples that have very different microstructures: the structural steel has a ferrite plus pearlite microstructure; the rail steel has a fully pearlitic microstructure; the machine housing has a ferrite plus pearlite matrix with graphite flakes; and the jaw crusher microstructure contains martensite and cementite.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003971
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... limits on temperature for the process, therefore, hot-die forging coupled with finite-element modeling for process design have been utilized. As with nickel-base superalloys, special heat treatments have been developed to provide dual (and graded) microstructures in alpha-beta titanium alloys ( Ref...
Abstract
Metalworking is one of the three major technologies used to fabricate metal products. This article tabulates the classification of metal forming processes. It discusses different types of metalworking equipment, including rolling mills, ring-rolling machines, and thread-rolling and surface-rolling machines. The article outlines the significant characteristics of pressing-type machines: load and energy characteristics, time-related characteristics, and accuracy characteristics. It summarizes different specialized processes such as advanced roll-forming methods, equal-channel angular extrusion, incremental forging, and microforming. The article describes the thermomechanical processing of nickel- and titanium-base alloys and concludes with information on the advancements in process simulation.
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