Search Results for dual-lining system

Inorganic chemical-setting ceramic linings are one of the most widely used construction materials in designing the protective linings for industrial installations. Monolithic linings can be applied by cast or gunite (shotcreting) methods over steel or concrete as well as brick and mortar masonry. This article provides a discussion on the function of monolithic linings, the advantages of these materials, the types of applications in which these materials can be successfully used, and the limitations of these linings. It describes the application procedures that should be followed to ensure proper installation of a dual-lining system. The industrial applications that illustrate the corrosion resistance and some uses of monolithic linings, as well as other applications in wastewater treatment systems and the chemical industry, are discussed.

The handling of billets or bars is an essential part of an induction heating system. This article describes two types of handling systems available for bar heating lines: inclined ramps with escapement, and sling feeder with inclined ramp and escapement. It focuses on the various infeed billet handling systems such as bin tippers, elevator feeders, rotary feeders, vibratory bowl feeders, magazine loaders, and rod feeders. The article provides information on the main categories of billet feeding systems, namely, dual pinch roll drive assemblies, tractor drive assemblies, billet pusher systems, walking beam assemblies, and index/continuous conveyor systems. It also discussed the hot billet handling systems used to deliver heated billets to the forging cell. These methods include billet extractor conveyors, accept/reject systems with pyrometer measurements, extractor rolls, discharge chutes, pinch roll extractors, pick-n-place systems, and robots.

Thermoforming is a manufacturing process in which thermoplastic sheets are heated, softened, clamped onto a mold, and made to conform to the shape of the mold or forming tool. It is ideally suited to large-volume runs of small items. This article focuses on major phases of thermoforming, namely, sheet transportation, heating, forming/cooling, and trimming, and different thermoforming techniques: basic female forming; basic male forming; matched-mold thermoforming; plug-assist thermoforming; pressure bubble plug-assist vacuum thermoforming; vacuum snapback thermoforming; air-slip thermoforming; and trapped-sheet, contact heat, and pressure thermoforming. It concludes with a discussion on machines and the economic concerns of thermoforming.

Functional fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings are used as external pipe coatings, base layer for three-layer pipe-coating systems, internal pipe linings, and corrosion coatings for concrete reinforcing steel (rebar). This article provides information on the chemistries of FBE, and discusses the application procedures for internal and external FBE pipe coating. The procedures involve pipe inspection, surface preparation, heating, powder application, curing, cooling, coating inspection, and repairing. It describes the problems and solutions for FBE external pipe coatings, girth weld FBE application, FBE custom coatings, internal FBE pipe linings, and FBE rebar coatings.

Dual-phase steels are a new class of high-strength low alloy (HSLA) steels characterized by a microstructure consisting of about 20% hard martensite particles dispersed in a soft ductile ferrite matrix. In addition to high tensile strength, in the range of 550 MPa (80 ksi), dual-phase steels exhibit continuous yielding behavior, a low 0.2% offset yield strength, and a higher total elongation than other HSLA steels of similar strength. The article discusses some of the more pertinent aspects of dual-phase steels, such as heat treatment, microstructure, mechanical properties, chemical composition, and manufacturability. In general, these steels have a carbon content of less than 0.1%, which ensures that they can be spot welded. However, newer high-carbon dual-phase steels in development are generating interest due to their unique combination of total elongation and tensile strength.

Induction hardening is a prominent method in the gear manufacturing industry due to its ability of selectively hardening portions of a gear such as the flanks, roots, and/or tips of teeth with desired hardness, wearing resistance, and contact fatigue strength without affecting the metallurgy of the core. This article provides an overview of gear technology and materials selection. It describes different gear-hardening patterns, namely, tooth-by-tooth hardening, tip-by-tip hardening, gap-by-gap hardening, spin hardening, single-frequency gear hardening, dual-frequency gear hardening, simultaneous dual-frequency gear hardening, and through heating for surface hardening. It provides information on the different inspection methods based on the American Gear Manufacturers Association, revealing metallurgical data, hardness, and dimensions of gears. In addition, the article presents a comparative study on the mechanical properties of contour-hardened and carburized gears. It concludes by describing typical failures of induction-hardened steels and the corresponding prevention methods.

This article focuses on the design considerations and process parameters critical to the successful implantation of wave soldering on printed circuit boards. The design considerations include the through-hole technology and the surface-mount technology. The article presents information on process parameters, which can be divided into three groups: the fluxing operation, solder wave properties, and process schedule. It provides information on various solder defects.

This article presents a detailed examination of corrosion at the various production stages of wafer fabrication. The corrosion issues related to batch metal-etch systems and single-wafer metal-etch systems are also discussed. The article provides a case study, which illustrates that the factors outside the normal processing of wafers or tool-specific problems can contribute to metal-line corrosion.

This article provides a rough estimate of the basic parameters, including coil efficiency, power, and frequency in induction heating of billets, rods, and bars. It focuses on the frequency selection for heating solid cylinders made of nonmagnetic metals, frequency selection when heating solid cylinders made from nonmagnetic alloys, and frequency selection when heating solid cylinders made from magnetic alloys. The article describes several design concepts that can be used for induction billet heating, namely, static heating and progressive/continuous heating. It presents the four major factors associated with the location and magnitude of subsurface overheating: frequency, refractory, final temperature, and power distribution along the heating line. The article summarizes the pros and cons of using a single power supply. It also reviews the design features of modular systems, and concludes with information on the temperature profile modeling software.

Concurrent engineering is product development that is done by concurrently utilizing all of the relevant information in making each decision. This article discusses the three aspects that must be taken into account for all product development decisions. The aspects include product functionality, production capability, and field-support capability. The concurrent process is carried out by a multifunctional team that integrates the specialties. The article schematically illustrates product design team configurations with subsystem teams and team of subsystem leaders. It discusses the three-step decision-making process, such as requirements, concepts, and improvement, followed by multifunctional product development teams. The article describes the two types of requirements development by multifunctional teams, namely, quality function deployment and functional analysis. It schematically illustrates the integration of product requirements and concept development. The article concludes with a discussion on the improvement of concepts in terms of robust design and mistake minimization.

This article provides a brief description of load conditions for single-shot heat treating, vertical scanning, and brazing and soldering. It discusses the various power components used in power supplies. These include capacitors, integrated power module, transformers, and various switching devices, namely, silicon-controlled rectifiers, insulated-gate bipolar transistors, and metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors. The article also provides information on frequency-multiplication harmonic-induction power supplies, namely, push-pull and half-bridge inverters and full-bridge inverters. Series resonant and parallel resonant circuits and their tuning calculations associated with output networks are also discussed. The article describes the frequency range of simultaneous dual-frequency induction heating power supply, and discusses the advantages, applications, and technical background of independently controlled frequency and power (IFP) induction heating power supply. It concludes with a description of the developments in control systems for modern induction power supplies.

An induction channel furnace consists of a tiltable furnace vessel with refractory lining onto which an inductor or several inductors are flange mounted. This article includes a discussion on the design for holding and dosed-pouring of the iron melts, design for melting the materials, and refractory lining of furnace vessel. It provides information on the structural changes and refractory lining of channel inductors. The article also includes a discussion on power supplies deployed in channel inductor furnaces: line-frequency power supply for melting iron, and converter power supply for melting nonferrous metals. It concludes with an overview of the inductor cooling circuit.

The thermomechanical processing (TMP) of conventional and advanced nickel and titanium-base alloys is aimed at altering or enhancing one or more metallurgical features within the material and component. This article presents a number of examples of the TMP of nickel-base superalloys and titanium alloys. The TMP techniques include retained-strain processing, dual-microstructure processing, and dual-alloy processing. The article also describes the TMP of alpha-beta titanium alloys, including fine-grain processing, hybrid-structure processing, dual-microstructure processing, and dual-alloy processing. It concludes with a discussion on computer simulation of advanced TMP processes.

This article describes the characteristics of zinc-rich coatings that can be subcategorized according to the type of binder material used. It discusses the formulations of zinc-rich coatings with organic binders. The three major groups of inorganic zinc-rich coatings categorized by the Society for Protective Coatings are also discussed. These include postcured water-based alkali metal silicates, self-cured water-based alkali metal silicates, and self-cured solvent-based alkyl silicates. The article concludes with information on comparisons of inorganic with organic zinc-rich coatings.

This article considers the two primary methods used for ultrasonic inspection: pulse-echo and the transmission methods. Pulse-echo inspection can be accomplished with longitudinal, shear, surface (Rayleigh), or Lamb (plate) waves using a diverse range of transducers. The article discusses the principles of each of these inspection methods. It describes the applications and the basic data formats for single-element transducer-based systems, including A-scans, B-scans, and C-scans. The article provides information on electronic equipment used for ultrasonic inspection. It also describes how specific material conditions produce and modify A-scan indications. The article provides information on the controls and their functions for the display unit of the electronic equipment. It describes the techniques used for the identification and characterization of flaws, namely, surface (Rayleigh) wave and ultrasonic polar scan techniques.

Sheet molding compounds (SMCs) refers to both material and process for producing glass-fiber-reinforced polyester resin items. This article discusses the material components incorporated into the resin paste for desirable processing and molding characteristics and optimum physical and mechanical properties, including catalyst, fillers, thickeners, pigments, thermoplastic polymers, flame retardants, and ultraviolet absorbers. It talks about the mixing techniques available for SMC resin pastes, including batch, batch/continuous, and continuous mixing. The article also outlines the design features and the operations of continuous-belt and beltless machine type SMCs.

Ion-beam-assisted deposition (IBAD) refers to the process wherein evaporated atoms produced by physical vapor deposition are simultaneously struck by an independently generated flux of ions. This article discusses the energy utilization of this process. It describes the physical and chemical processes occurring at the film-vacuum interface during IBAD and dual-ion-beam sputtering with illustrations. The article also reviews the methods used for large-area, high-volume implementation of IBAD and the modes of film formation for IBAD. It contains a table that presents information on deposition and synthesis of inorganic compounds by IBAD and concludes with a discussion on the improved coating properties, advantages, limitations, and applications of IBAD.

This article discusses the advantages, disadvantages, applications, and selection criteria of various technologies and transduction modalities that can generate and detect ultrasonic waves. These include piezoelectric transducers, electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs), laser ultrasound phased array transducers, magnetostriction transducers, and couplants. The article discusses four basic types of search units with piezoelectric transducers. These include the straight-beam contact type, the angle-beam contact type, the dual-element contact type, and the immersion type. The article concludes with information on immersion or contact type focused search units.