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dislocation density
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Image
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 3 Plot showing the overall changes in dislocation density, ρ tot , as a function of creep strain for pure iron at 600 °C. Dislocation densities are different within the cell interiors, ρ s , and along the cell walls, ρ. Source: Ref 3
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in Simulation of Microstructure and Texture Evolution in Aluminum Sheet
> Fundamentals of Modeling for Metals Processing
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 10 Simulation of (a) temperature and (b) dislocation density in a breakdown and three-stand tandem mill hot rolling line, using integrated simulation models RoseRoll, StrucSim, 4IVM, RoseTem, and RoseStat (for details see Ref 17 )
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 18 The probability density functions of the incidental dislocation boundaries (IDBs) misorientation angles normalized by the average misorientation angle, for cold-rolled aluminum and nickel plus compression-deformed copper. Copper data from Ref 53 and AISI 304L data from Ref 7
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005432
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
..., distributing nuclei of recrystallized grains, growing the recrystallized grains, and updating the dislocation density. The article concludes with information on the developments in CA simulations. cellular automaton model static recrystallization dynamic recrystallization microstructure dislocation...
Abstract
This article examines how cellular automaton (CA) can be applied to the simulation of static and dynamic recrystallization. It describes the steps involved in the CA simulation of recrystallization. These include defining the CA framework, generating the initial microstructure, distributing nuclei of recrystallized grains, growing the recrystallized grains, and updating the dislocation density. The article concludes with information on the developments in CA simulations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... of dynamic microstructural variables, such as material composition, grain size, dislocation density, precipitate size, and morphology, that evolve during the course of deformation. Thus, the time-dependent behavior of the structure parameter is also dependent on the stress, temperature, and the current...
Abstract
This article, to develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing deformation at elevated temperatures, discusses the phenomenological effects resulting from temperature-induced thermodynamic and kinetic changes. It describes the deformation behavior of engineering materials using expressions known as constitutive equations that relate the dependence of stress, temperature, and microstructure on deformation. The article reviews the characteristics of creep deformation and mechanisms of creep, such as power-law creep, low temperature creep, power-law breakdown, diffusional creep, twinning during creep deformation, and deformation mechanism maps. It discusses the creep-strengthening mechanisms for most structural engineering components. The article provides a description of the microstructural modeling of creep in engineering alloys.
Image
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 6 Two-dimensional simulations of primary static recrystallization in a deformed aluminum polycrystal on the basis of crystal-plasticity finite-element data. The figure shows the change in both microtexture (upper images) and dislocation density (lower images), which was derived from
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005403
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
...-temperature deformation during further heat treatment. In the initial fully annealed state ( Fig. 1a ), the dislocation density of the material is very low (ρ ≈ 0.01 μm/μm 3 ). Strain hardening makes it grow to 10 4 μm/μm 3 ( Fig. 1b ). Since it was formerly believed that metals lost their crystalline...
Abstract
Recrystallization is to a large extent responsible for their final mechanical properties. This article commences with a discussion on static recrystallization (SRX) and dynamic recrystallization (DRX). The DRX includes continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). The article discusses the assumptions and simplifications for the Avrami analysis. It describes the effects of nucleation and growth rates on recrystallization kinetics and recrystallized grain size based on the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model for static recrystallization. The article reviews the kinetics of DRX with the aid of the Avrami relations. It considers the basic framework of the mesoscale approach for DDRX, including the three basic equations for grain size changes, strain hardening and dynamic recovery, and nucleation. The article explains the mesoscale approach for CDRX to predict microstructural evolutions occurring during hot deformation, along with an illustration of the main features of the CDRX mesoscale model.
Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 8 Effect of annealing time and temperature on the microstructure of an Fe-3Si single crystal, cold rolled 80% in the (001)[110] orientation. (a) High density of dislocations and no well-defined cell structure is revealed in the as-rolled condition. (b) Annealed at 400 °C (750 °F) for 1280
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 8 Effect of annealing time and temperature on the microstructure of an Fe-3Si single crystal, cold rolled 80% in the (001)[110] orientation. Thin-foil TEM specimens prepared parallel to the rolling plane. All at original magnification 17,200×. (a) High density of dislocations and no well
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... state variable such as a grain number, crystallographic orientation, or dislocation density/level of stored work. Areas formed by cells with an identical grain number or similar state variable(s) define the grains. A set of rules defines the conditions by which cells may switch, that is, may change...
Abstract
This article summarizes the general features of microstructure evolution during the thermomechanical processing (TMP) of nickel-base superalloys and the challenges posed by the modeling of such phenomena. It describes the fundamentals and implementations of various modeling methodologies. These include JMAK (Avrami) models, topological models, and mesoscale physics-based models.
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Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 8 Transmission electron micrograph of martensite substructure and high dislocation density in ferrite in a 0.04C-1.5Mn steel intercritically annealed at 726 °C (1340 °F) and rapidly cooled. Source: Ref 9
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Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 6 Transmission electron microscopy structures of 4140 steel tempered at 400 °C (750 °F) before (a) and after (b) cycling at Δε/2 = 2.5%. There has been a large reduction in dislocation density. Source: Ref 15
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in Modeling of Microstructure Evolution during the Thermomechanical Processing of Nickel-Base Superalloys
> Fundamentals of Modeling for Metals Processing
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 18 Model predictions for slab rolling. (a) Strain rate (s −1 ). (b) Strain. (c) Recrystallized fraction. (d) Dislocation density during the first recrystallization cycle. Due to symmetry, only a quarter section of the slab is shown. Source: Ref 39
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 5 Progress of dynamic recrystallization when the recrystallized grain size is much smaller than the original grain size. Symbols are defined in Fig. 2(b) . Shading of grains darkens with increasing dislocation density. In (e), the fourth stage of the cascade includes new grains
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Image
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 11 Strain dependence of the grain size D (solid lines) and the dislocation density ρ (broken lines) over the lifetime of a grain during steady-state discontinuous dynamic recrystallization. Data pertaining to 304 steel were used at 1050 °C and two strain rates ( Table 4 ).
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005413
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... is based on the assumption that dislocation accumulation is governed by only one state variable, namely, the total dislocation density. This leads to a differential equation, a so-called state function, for dislocation accumulation in which history variables such as strain and time only appear...
Abstract
This article focuses on the analyzing and modeling of stress-strain behavior of polycrystals of pure face-centered cubic (fcc) metals in the range of temperatures and strain rates where diffusion is not important. It presents a phenomenological description of stress-strain behavior and provides information on the physical background, alternative interpretations, and directions of research. The quantitative description of strain hardening of fcc polycrystals is provided. The article also discusses the modeling of stress-strain behavior in body-centered cubic metals, hexagonal metals, stage IV work hardening, and the various classes of single-phase alloys.
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Published: 01 August 2013
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 30 TEM microstructure of an AZ91D magnesium sample containing 43% solid fraction. (a) Primary α-magnesium phase with laths having different dislocation densities and corresponding SAD pattern. (b) Fine-grained eutectic with α-magnesium particles on the order of 1 μm. (c) Thin section
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Image
Published: 30 November 2018
Fig. 6 Schematic illustration of the microstructural evolution during cold rolling, including the strong increase in lattice dislocation density at small strains, the appearance of microshear bands aligned with the {100} planes and shear bands at moderate strains, and full subdivision
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003784
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... densities, but because pure metal crystals are very soft, this requires great care to reduce thermal and mechanical stresses during growth and subsequent handling. Most metal single crystals have dislocation densities of about 10 6 to 10 7 per square centimeter. These dislocations result from stresses...
Abstract
Pure metals normally solidify into polycrystalline masses, but it is relatively easy to produce single crystals by directional solidification from the melt. This article illustrates the dislocations present in a metal crystal, which is often polygonized into sub-boundaries during grain growth after solidification. It provides a description of small-angle and large-angle grain boundaries of polycrystalline metals.
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