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in Creep Deformation of Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, and Composites
> Mechanical Testing and Evaluation
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 6 Criterion for viscous glide controlled creep and dislocation climb controlled creep in solid solution strengthened alloys. Source: Ref 9
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004020
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
..., followed by the models of constitutive behavior. It provides a discussion on creep mechanisms involving dislocation and diffusional flow, such as the Nabarro-Herring creep and the Coble creep. The equations for the several creep rates are also presented. Research on the mechanism of the superplastic flow...
Abstract
The constitutive relations for metalworking include elements of behavior at ambient temperature as well as high-temperature response. This article presents equations for strain hardening and strain-rate-sensitive flow, with alternate sections on empirically determined properties, followed by the models of constitutive behavior. It provides a discussion on creep mechanisms involving dislocation and diffusional flow, such as the Nabarro-Herring creep and the Coble creep. The equations for the several creep rates are also presented. Research on the mechanism of the superplastic flow in fine-grain metals has encompassed many ideas, such as the diffusional creep, dislocation creep with diffusional accommodation at grain boundaries, and concepts of grain-mantle deformation. The article concludes with information on the kinetics of superplastic deformation processes, including low stress behavior, concurrent grain growth, and high stress behavior.
Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 26 Deformation mechanism maps for (a) zinc-aluminum and (b) lead-tin in terms of grain size versus stress. According to the dislocation mechanisms of superplasticity, a transition from superplasticity to dislocation creep should occur when d /b ≅ 10 μ/τ. This is approximately observed
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Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 26 Deformation mechanism maps for (a) zinc-aluminum and (b) lead-tin in terms of grain size versus stress. According to the dislocation mechanisms of superplasticity, a transition from superplasticity to dislocation creep should occur when d /b ≅ 10 μ/τ. This is approximately observed
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... important cases in which the creep response is quite different. For example, some solid solution strengthened alloys exhibit an inverted primary transient when the interaction between the solute atoms and the gliding dislocations is rate controlling. This observation is illustrated schematically in Fig. 2...
Abstract
Creep deformation is normally studied by applying either a constant load or a constant true stress to a material at a sufficiently high homologous temperature so that a measurable amount of creep strain occurs in a reasonable time. This article provides the phenomenological descriptions of creep and explains the testing and mechanism of creep in crystalline solids. It also presents information on the creep response of crystalline and amorphous solids.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... creep mechanisms that are useful for illustrating the strong stress dependence of dislocation and diffusional flow. ambient temperature Isothermal constitutive modeling physical models strain hardening strain-rate-sensitive flow superplastic flow CONSTITUTIVE RELATIONS for metalworking...
Abstract
Constitutive relations for metal-working include elements of behavior at ambient temperature as well as high-temperature response. This article presents the equations for the strain hardening and strain-rate-sensitive flow, with alternate sections on empirically determined properties, followed by models of constitutive behavior. These models include the isothermal constitutive model and the physical model for superplastic flow. A formal description of the superposition of the operative mechanisms for dynamic recovery at hot-working strain rates is also provided. The article describes creep mechanisms that are useful for illustrating the strong stress dependence of dislocation and diffusional flow.
Image
Published: 01 January 2006
Fig. 34 Experimental stress-strain-rate plots for two aluminum alloys ( Table 3 ) having similar matrix chemistry. Calculated results for similar grain sizes are shown for comparison. The top solid line represents dislocation creep.
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Image
Published: 01 January 2005
Fig. 34 Experimental stress-strain-rate plots for two aluminum alloys ( Table 3 ) having similar matrix chemistry. Calculated results for similar grain sizes are shown for comparison. The top solid line represents dislocation creep.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005433
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... and accommodation by dislocations. Diffusional Accommodation Models During the later part of 1960s, there were attempts to explain region II in Fig. 1 (the superplastic regime) using diffusional creep models ( Ref 18 , 19 ). Both Nabarro-Herring ( Ref 20 , 21 ) and Coble creep ( Ref 22 ) were also...
Abstract
This article presents a mechanical description of superplasticity and discusses constitutive equations that are essential for simulating superplastic forming processes, applicable to structural superplasticity. It presents the phenomenological constitutive equations of superplasticity and classical physical constitutive equations. The article also reviews the accommodation mechanisms that are divided into two major groups, namely, diffusional accommodation and accommodation by dislocations.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
..., or primary creep: Following an instantaneous elastic and plastic strain upon loading, this stage is highly transient because the strain rate decreases rapidly due to the development of dislocation structures within the microstructure. The strain rate decreases until a minimum is reached. II...
Abstract
This article, to develop an understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing deformation at elevated temperatures, discusses the phenomenological effects resulting from temperature-induced thermodynamic and kinetic changes. It describes the deformation behavior of engineering materials using expressions known as constitutive equations that relate the dependence of stress, temperature, and microstructure on deformation. The article reviews the characteristics of creep deformation and mechanisms of creep, such as power-law creep, low temperature creep, power-law breakdown, diffusional creep, twinning during creep deformation, and deformation mechanism maps. It discusses the creep-strengthening mechanisms for most structural engineering components. The article provides a description of the microstructural modeling of creep in engineering alloys.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003266
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... are subject to thermally activated processes that can produce continuous plastic deformation (creep) with the application of a constant stress. For metals, various mechanisms are used to explain creep deformation, but all the mechanisms can fall into two basic categories: diffusional creep and dislocation...
Abstract
This article emphasizes short-term tension and compression testing of metals at high temperatures. It describes the effect of temperature on deformation and strain hardening, occurrence of high-temperature creep in structural alloys, and the performing of mechanical testing for high-temperature structural alloys. The article discusses hot tension testing and measurements of temperature and strain in the hot tension testing. It also provides an overview of hot compression testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003288
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
... ). Fortunately, all these mechanisms can be fitted into two basic categories: diffusional creep and dislocation creep. In diffusional creep, diffusion of single atoms or ions either by bulk transport (Nabarro-Herring creep) or by grain-boundary transport (Coble creep) leads to a Newtonian viscous type...
Abstract
This article reviews the basic equipment and methods for creep and creep rupture testing. It begins with a discussion on the creep properties, including stress and temperature dependence, as well as of the extrapolation techniques that permit estimation of the long-term creep and rupture strengths of materials. The article describes the different types of equipment for determination of creep characteristics, including test stands, furnaces, and extensometers. It also discusses the different testing methods for creep rupture: constant-load testing and constant-stress testing. The article presents other testing considerations and concludes with information on stress relaxation testing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14b.a0005133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-186-3
... that the creep resistance may be due to an attractive interaction between dislocation segments and dispersed particles. They have also suggested relations for the dependence of the creep rate on the particle size and particle spacing for dispersion-hardened material. According to them, for a fixed volume...
Abstract
Compared to cold-formed parts, age-formed parts have lower residual stresses and consequently better stress corrosion resistance. This article addresses the technical issues that arise in the investigations of creep in precipitate-strengthened materials. The issues addressed help in developing alloys and tempers particularly suited for the age-forming process. The different steps involved in the program for predicting the final part shape are discussed. These basic steps involve developing mechanical tests to study creep at low temperatures and low stresses, describing low-temperature creep in terms of a constitutive model, and then using the constitutive model in a process model or finite element analysis to predict the final part shape.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005506
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... unchanged throughout the deformation history. Aspects of the material microstructure, such as grain size, dislocation structure, inclusions, vacancies, and so on, have an impact on the deformation rate. Both the time- and strain-hardening approaches are suitable if the creep rate is dominated by a single...
Abstract
This article summarizes many approaches that are used to simulate relaxation of bulk residual stresses in components. It presents analytical examples to highlight the complexity of residual stress and strain distributions observed in simple geometries, with ideal material behavior and trivial loading and boundary conditions. The article discusses approximate and advanced solution techniques that can be employed in practice for simulation of residual stress relief: finite-difference method and finite-element method. It also describes advanced techniques applicable to transient creep, advanced constitutive models, and complicated stress and temperature loading histories.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006964
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... m = ~0.4 to 0.55, where T is the testing temperature, and T m is the melting temperature) and high normalized tensile stress (i.e., σ/μ = ~10 −3 to 10 −2 , where σ is the testing stress, and μ is the shear modulus), creep deformation is normally dislocation-dominant. In such conditions...
Abstract
This article briefly introduces the concept of creep properties of additively manufactured (AM) alloys, with a focus on the effects of the characteristic microstructure of AM alloys on creep performance. Relevant postprocessing treatment also is discussed, in relation to improved creep performance based on the improvement of AM initial microstructure.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002460
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... comparable to an atomic diameter and one dimension that is much greater. An example of a particular line defect, an edge dislocation , is shown in Fig. 11 . The upper half of the crystal shown contains one more atom column than the lower half of it. The resultant atomic disregistry is centered about...
Abstract
This article focuses on the relationships among material properties and material structure. It summarizes the fundamental characteristics of metals, ceramics, and polymers. The article provides information on the crystal structure, the atomic coordination, and crystalline defects. It discusses the relevance of the properties to design. The article describes the common means for increasing low-temperature strength and presents an example that shows structure-property relationships in nickel-base superalloys for high-temperature applications. The relationships of microstructure with low-temperature fracture, high-temperature fracture, and fatigue failure are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 8
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v08.a0003292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-176-4
..., the above suggestion that the creep behavior of superplastic alloys in region III is controlled by the same type of dislocation process that is dominant in metals at high temperatures is not entirely satisfactory for two primary reasons. First, experimental results in a superplastic copper alloy have...
Abstract
Studies on mechanical behavior of superplasticity at or above 50" of the melting point lead to the understanding of superplasticity as a creep phenomenon. This article provides a discussion on the four relationships that define the basic deformation characteristics associated with a creep process: the stress and strain rate, strain rate or stress and temperature, strain rate or stress and grain size, and strain contributed by boundary sliding and total strain. The article describes the deformation characteristics and mechanisms of low-stress region, intermediate-stress region, and high-stress region. It also discusses the effect of impurities on superplastic flow and concludes with information on grain growth during testing.
Image
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 3 Plot showing the overall changes in dislocation density, ρ tot , as a function of creep strain for pure iron at 600 °C. Dislocation densities are different within the cell interiors, ρ s , and along the cell walls, ρ. Source: Ref 3
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002472
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
...-state creep, and the dependence of deformation on both temperature and stress. The simplest and most pervasive idea in creep of metals is an approach to an equilibrium microstructural and mechanical state. Thus a hardening associated with dislocation generation and interaction is countered by a dynamic...
Abstract
This article reviews the basic mechanisms of elevated-temperature behavior and associated design considerations, with an emphasis on metals. It discusses the key concepts of elevated-temperature design. These include plastic instability at elevated temperatures; deformation mechanisms and strain components associated with creep processes; stress and temperature dependence; fracture at elevated temperatures; and environmental effects. The article describes the basic presentation and analysis methods for creep rupture. It provides information on the application of these methods to materials selection and the setting of basic design rules. The article examines the limitations of high-temperature components as well as the alternative design approaches and tests for most high-temperature components.
Image
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 852 “Departure side pinning” during creep of Inconel alloy MA754. The mechanically alloyed nickel-base superalloy is stabilized by yttria (0.8% Y 2 O 3 ). Samples were tested in creep to 2% strain at 760 °C (1400 °F) and 221 MPa (32 ksi) and then cooled on load. TEM examination revealed
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