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Book Chapter
Heating and Heat-Flow Simulation
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005529
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... and continuous furnaces. The heating methods, such as direct-fired heating, radiant-tube heating, and electrical heating, are also discussed. Furnace temperature control is essential to ensure quality heat treatment. The article explains the operating procedure of the automatic temperature controllers used...
Abstract
This article provides information on the heat-source model, conduction heat-transfer model of parts and fixtures, and the radiation heat-transfer and convection heat-transfer models in a furnace. It describes the two types of furnaces used for heat treating: batch furnaces and continuous furnaces. The heating methods, such as direct-fired heating, radiant-tube heating, and electrical heating, are also discussed. Furnace temperature control is essential to ensure quality heat treatment. The article explains the operating procedure of the automatic temperature controllers used in most furnace operations. Heating simulations can be validated by comparison with measured results in full-scale furnaces. The article also presents several case studies to illustrate the use of the simulations.
Book Chapter
Surface Preparation for Continuously Applied Coatings
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001269
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... enough to oxidize the strip. Waste-Gas Preheater A waste-gas preheater is an unfired section of furnace that is put ahead of the direct-fired furnace in the coating line. The exit gases pass through this furnace section before being exhausted through a damper. The incoming strip can be heated...
Abstract
This article focuses on the various techniques for removing contaminants in the surface preparation of steel for hot-dip coatings: wet cleaning methods, including alkaline cleaning, electrolytic cleaning, chemical pickling, and electrolytic pickling; flame cleaning and furnace-atmosphere techniques, such as Sendzimir oxidation/reduction method; other specialized methods, namely, fluxes, mechanical cleaning, and ultrasonic methods; or a combination of these.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005911
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... a direct fired or a susceptor/container approach. This article provides review of historical patents, following an introduction to conductivity in glass and electrical heating. The purpose is to show that induction heating has been and is being used in the glass melting industry. glass melting...
Abstract
The historical use of induction heating relating to glass melting gives some insight into its use in today's glass manufacturing industry. A patent search on induction heating provides historical information about how induction heating was used in the glass melting industry, from both a direct fired or a susceptor/container approach. This article provides review of historical patents, following an introduction to conductivity in glass and electrical heating. The purpose is to show that induction heating has been and is being used in the glass melting industry.
Book Chapter
Assessment of Damage to Structures and Equipment Resulting from Explosion, Fire, and Heat Events
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006804
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... and point of origin. The temperature or blast pressure level can be mapped in both cases. The magnitude of a blast will usually be expressed in a spherical or circular map, whereas heat and fire damage zones are subject to flame impingement direction, wind direction, shadowing, insulation, and other cooling...
Abstract
This article addresses the effects of damage to equipment and structures due to explosions (blast), fire, and heat as well as the methodologies that are used by investigating teams to assess the damage and remaining life of the equipment. It discusses the steps involved in preliminary data collection and preparation. Before discussing the identification, evaluation, and use of explosion damage indicators, the article describes some of the more common events that are considered in incident investigations. The range of scenarios that can occur during explosions and the characteristics of each are also covered. In addition, the article primarily discusses level 1 and level 2 of fire and heat damage assessment and provides information on level 3 assessment.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006914
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... material: modifying or substituting the basic polymer so that exposure to heat and oxygen will not produce rapid combustion, and using flame-retardant additives. It also provides an overview of the burning process and presents two flammability test methods. combustion properties fire resistance...
Abstract
A material is flammable if it is subject to easy ignition and rapidly flaming combustion. The plastics that are most widely used are the least expensive and tend to be the most flammable. This article describes the two basic approaches to improving the fire resistance of a polymeric material: modifying or substituting the basic polymer so that exposure to heat and oxygen will not produce rapid combustion, and using flame-retardant additives. It also provides an overview of the burning process and presents two flammability test methods.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002192
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
.... Unlike isotropic materials that expand in all three crystallographic directions when heated, unalloyed uranium expands in two directions and contracts in the third direction. To minimize distortion of the part during machining, the cutting tools must be kept sharp and the temperature of the material kept...
Abstract
This article focuses on the basic metallurgy and machining parameters of classes of depleted and enriched uranium alloys. It provides information on the health precautions applicable to the machining of depleted uranium alloys. The article also discusses tool wear and the types of tools used in uranium alloy machining.
Image
Blast-tip gas-fired manifold oven (a) for curing shell molds. Oven can be f...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 15 Blast-tip gas-fired manifold oven (a) for curing shell molds. Oven can be fitted with extension burners (b) for directing heat into mold cavities.
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Book Chapter
Porcelain Enameling
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Titanium dioxide 0–3 Increases opacity Silica 0–15 Lowers gloss; increases resistance to chemicals and heat; increases refractoriness Pigments 0–4 Produces desired color in fired enamels Opacifiers 0–4 Produces opacity in fired enamels (a) May be added to the slip after milling...
Abstract
Porcelain enamels are glass coatings applied primarily to products or parts made of sheet steel, cast iron, and aluminum to improve appearance and to protect the metal surface. This article describes the types of porcelain enamels, and details enamel frits for these materials. It provides a list of steels suitable for porcelain enameling and discusses the most important factors considered in the selection of steel for porcelain enameling. The article briefly presents the preparation methods of these materials for porcelain enameling and covers the methods, and furnaces of porcelain enameling. It examines the role of coating thickness, firing time and temperature, metal substrate, and color on the performance of enameled surfaces. The article concludes with a discussion on the properties of enameled surfaces, factors considered in process control, and test procedures for evaluating the quality of enameled surfaces.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006528
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... heaters are adapted to the furnace so that radiant heat is available in the firing zone along with forced circulation. Package heaters are placed remote from the firing zone; this is the most effective method of eliminating direct radiation and hot spots. Heat imparted to the work from the package heater...
Abstract
Porcelain enamel is a fusion bonded glass coating that resists chemical and abrasive attack, provides thermal and electrical insulation, and improves aesthetic qualities. It is used on cast iron as well as steel and aluminum alloys. This article provides a review of the porcelain enameling process, the composition of frits, and the preparation of coating substrates. It also provides information on chemical, mechanical, and electrical properties and sheds light on process consistency and quality control.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... resistance, heat resistance to very high temperatures Aramid fiber: Flammability resistance, fire retardance, good insulating properties, low dielectric properties, good formability Fiberglass: Tailorable shear properties by lay-up, low dielectric properties, good insulating properties, good...
Abstract
Lightweight structural cores are used on aircrafts to reduce weight and increase payload and fight distance. This article discusses the classification of lightweight structural cores, namely, honeycomb, balsa, and foam. It reviews the four primary manufacturing methods used to produce honeycomb: adhesive bonding and expansion, corrugation and adhesive bonding, corrugation and braze welding, and extrusion. The article describes cell configuration and properties of honeycomb. It discusses the factors influencing specification of structural cores, including materials, size, density, mechanical properties, environmental compatibility, formability, durability, and thermal behavior. The article provides information on the benefits and concepts of a sandwich panel containing lightweight structural cores.
Book Chapter
Quenchant Agitation, Design, and Characterization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005923
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... occurs on the bath surface. This entrained air reduces the heat-transfer rate, and the foaming of oils could lead to fires. Quench Tank Type There are several different types of quench tanks, classified according to the application: open or continuous. A quench tank used in an integral quench...
Abstract
Quenchant agitation can be obtained by circulating quenchant in a quench tank through pumps and impellers. The selection of the agitation method depends on the tank design, type and volume of the quenchant, part design, and the severity of quench required. This article describes flow measurement methods, temperature control, materials handling, and filtration processes during the agitation process. The maintenance of quenching installations is also discussed.
Book Chapter
Environmental Impact, Health, and Safety for Additive Manufacturing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006960
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
.... Figure 2 shows the conditions that can cause fire and explosion. The fire triangle consists of fuel, oxygen, and an ignition source. If these three elements coexist, then it leads to fire. In an AM facility, the ignition sources could be heated plates, mechanical or electric sparks, and electrostatic...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the concepts of environmental, health, and safety (EH&S) risk incidents, then discusses these concepts relative to additive manufacturing (AM): the multiple intrants, process parameters, and equipment, as well as the resulting products and wastes. The article discusses additive manufacturing hazards, which are broken down into material hazards, equipment/process hazards, and facility hazards. The environmental impact of AM and the development of EH&S standards for AM also are covered in the article.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005920
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... and is direct powered or direct fired. Direct-fired platinum is desirable because the melting container is also the heat source. However, the drawback with direct-fired heating is the power required to heat larger platinum pieces to high temperatures, which requires large transformers with hefty buss bars...
Abstract
Induction heating for glass melting is an alternative to resistance heating element furnaces. This article provides information on the basics of glass fabrication process. It focuses on crucible melt furnace for small-scale glass melting and the induction melting process. It also describes induction glass forming (forming from the melt) and glass forming by induction heating (post-melt). The article compares the benefits of using induction heating and refractory-lined resistance heating.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005957
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... be used on the furnace. Performance requirements are intertwined with safety requirements for electrical and gas furnaces. The furnace hearth may vary from less than 0.5 to nearly 3 m 2 (5 to 32 ft 2 ). Heating may be done by direct or indirect fuel firing or by electricity. Muffle- and semimuffle...
Abstract
Furnaces are one of the most versatile types of industrial appliances that span many different areas of use. This article discusses the classification of various furnaces used in heat treating based on the mode of operation (batch-type furnaces and continuous-type furnaces), application, heating method, mode of heat transfer, type of materials handling system, and mode of waste heat recovery (recuperation and regeneration). It provides information on uniform temperature distribution, the general requirements and selection criteria for insulation materials, as well as the basic safety requirements of these furnaces.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... an overview on the basic approaches in improving the fire resistance of polymers and the burning process (heating, decomposition, ignition, combustion, and propagation). It provides a brief description on the test methods which are classified into two types, one based on fire response characteristics...
Abstract
Flammability is the ability of a material to undergo easy ignition and rapid flaming combustion. This article provides information on flammability tests of polymers and codes and regulations that cite these tests. Many organizations are involved in the characterization and specification of flammability properties, resulting in several categorization strategies for flammability tests, including tests for specific fire response characteristics, research tests versus acceptance tests, tests for different levels of severity, and tests for basis of origin. The article presents an overview on the basic approaches in improving the fire resistance of polymers and the burning process (heating, decomposition, ignition, combustion, and propagation). It provides a brief description on the test methods which are classified into two types, one based on fire response characteristics and the other on particular applications of polymeric materials.
Book Chapter
Safety in Handling of Metal Powders
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006544
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
.... Better-informed plant personnel are the first step in preventing health, environmental, and safety hazards. Fire, Flash Fire, and Explosion Most metal powders and their dusts have a strong affinity for oxygen and can rapidly oxidize, especially when heated. Fine particles and flakes have an even...
Abstract
During metal powder production, powder and/or dust handling, compaction, and part finishing operations, many safety and environmental risks exist. This article is a detailed account of the types of safety hazards that can exist and the issues that occur during metal powder handling, as well as recommendations and strategies that can be employed to both prevent and protect against damaging effects from powder exposure, fire and/or explosions, or environmental impact events.
Book Chapter
Reverberatory and Stack Furnaces
Available to PurchaseBook: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005350
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... surface itself but is reradiated off the walls or the roof of the furnace. The term reverberatory furnace is a throwback to the World War II era, when the most common fuels for hearth aluminum melting were coal or coke ( Fig. 2 ). This necessitated locating the heat source or fire box at one end...
Abstract
This article illustrates the basic components of dry and wet hearth reverberatory furnaces. It discusses stack melters that are used for aluminum metal casting, as they are efficient in sealing the furnace and using the flue gases to preheat the charge materials. The article describes the various factors for improving and maintaining furnace efficiencies. It explains the benefits of circulating molten metal in reverberatory furnaces and circulation methods.
Book Chapter
Fireside Corrosion in Coal- and Oil-Fired Boilers
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004156
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Corrosion The lower furnace of a coal- or oil-fired boiler is essentially a large enclosed volume where the combustion of fossil fuel, as well as the cooling of the combustion products, takes place. The furnace enclosures are made of water-cooled tubes, generally in a welded membrane construction...
Abstract
The presence of certain impurities in coal and oil is responsible for the majority of fireside corrosion experienced in utility boilers. In coal, the primary impurities are sulfur, alkali metals, and chlorine. The most detrimental impurities in fuel oil are vanadium, sodium, sulfur, and chlorine. This article describes the two categories of fireside corrosion based on location in the furnace: waterwall corrosion in the lower furnace and fuel ash corrosion of superheaters and reheaters in the upper furnace. It discusses prevention methods, including changes to operating parameters and application of protective cladding or coatings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005590
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... that of the metal. They are not removed by the arc heat and remain on the metal surface, restricting wetting, which, in turn, contributes to poor weld appearance. Fig. 9 Characteristics of current types for gas tungsten arc welding. DCEN, direct current electrode negative; DCEP, direct current electrode...
Abstract
The gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process derives the heat for welding from an electric arc established between a tungsten electrode and the part to be welded. This article provides a discussion on the basic operation principles, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and applications of the process. It describes the equipment used for GTAW, namely, power supplies, torch construction and electrodes, shielding gases, and filler metals as well as the GTAW welding procedures. The article concludes with a review of the safety precautions to avoid possible hazards during the GTAW process: electrical shock, fumes and gases, arc radiation, and fire and explosion.
Book Chapter
Safe Practices
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
...-temperature heat source is present. Open flames, electric arcs, hot metal, sparks, and spatter are ready sources of ignition. Many fires are started by sparks, which can travel horizontally up to 10 m (35 ft) from their source and fall much greater distances. Sparks can pass through or lodge in cracks, holes...
Abstract
Safety is an important consideration in all welding, cutting, and related work. This article discusses the basic elements of safety general to all welding, cutting, and related processes. It includes safety procedures common to a variety of applications. The most important component of an effective safety and health program is management support and direction. The article reviews the role of management, training, housekeeping, and public demonstrations in welding safety to minimize personal injury and property damage. It provides information on the safety measures for eye and face protection in various welding and cutting operations. Injuries and fatalities from electric shock in welding and cutting operations can occur if proper precautionary measures are not followed. The article discusses the electrical safety aspects to be considered for various welding and cutting operations.
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