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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005529
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... and continuous furnaces. The heating methods, such as direct-fired heating, radiant-tube heating, and electrical heating, are also discussed. Furnace temperature control is essential to ensure quality heat treatment. The article explains the operating procedure of the automatic temperature controllers used...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001269
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... enough to oxidize the strip. Waste-Gas Preheater A waste-gas preheater is an unfired section of furnace that is put ahead of the direct-fired furnace in the coating line. The exit gases pass through this furnace section before being exhausted through a damper. The incoming strip can be heated...
Book Chapter

By David J. McEnroe
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005911
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... a direct fired or a susceptor/container approach. This article provides review of historical patents, following an introduction to conductivity in glass and electrical heating. The purpose is to show that induction heating has been and is being used in the glass melting industry. glass melting...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006804
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... and point of origin. The temperature or blast pressure level can be mapped in both cases. The magnitude of a blast will usually be expressed in a spherical or circular map, whereas heat and fire damage zones are subject to flame impingement direction, wind direction, shadowing, insulation, and other cooling...
Book Chapter

By Andrew Lock
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006914
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... material: modifying or substituting the basic polymer so that exposure to heat and oxygen will not produce rapid combustion, and using flame-retardant additives. It also provides an overview of the burning process and presents two flammability test methods. combustion properties fire resistance...
Book Chapter

By James A. Aris
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002192
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
.... Unlike isotropic materials that expand in all three crystallographic directions when heated, unalloyed uranium expands in two directions and contracts in the third direction. To minimize distortion of the part during machining, the cutting tools must be kept sharp and the temperature of the material kept...
Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 15 Blast-tip gas-fired manifold oven (a) for curing shell molds. Oven can be fitted with extension burners (b) for directing heat into mold cavities. More
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... Titanium dioxide 0–3 Increases opacity Silica 0–15 Lowers gloss; increases resistance to chemicals and heat; increases refractoriness Pigments 0–4 Produces desired color in fired enamels Opacifiers 0–4 Produces opacity in fired enamels (a) May be added to the slip after milling...
Book Chapter

By Cullen L. Hackler
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006528
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... heaters are adapted to the furnace so that radiant heat is available in the firing zone along with forced circulation. Package heaters are placed remote from the firing zone; this is the most effective method of eliminating direct radiation and hot spots. Heat imparted to the work from the package heater...
Book Chapter

By Jim Kindinger
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... resistance, heat resistance to very high temperatures Aramid fiber: Flammability resistance, fire retardance, good insulating properties, low dielectric properties, good formability Fiberglass: Tailorable shear properties by lay-up, low dielectric properties, good insulating properties, good...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005923
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... occurs on the bath surface. This entrained air reduces the heat-transfer rate, and the foaming of oils could lead to fires. Quench Tank Type There are several different types of quench tanks, classified according to the application: open or continuous. A quench tank used in an integral quench...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006960
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
.... Figure 2 shows the conditions that can cause fire and explosion. The fire triangle consists of fuel, oxygen, and an ignition source. If these three elements coexist, then it leads to fire. In an AM facility, the ignition sources could be heated plates, mechanical or electric sparks, and electrostatic...
Book Chapter

By David J. McEnroe
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 09 June 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04c.a0005920
EISBN: 978-1-62708-167-2
... and is direct powered or direct fired. Direct-fired platinum is desirable because the melting container is also the heat source. However, the drawback with direct-fired heating is the power required to heat larger platinum pieces to high temperatures, which requires large transformers with hefty buss bars...
Book Chapter

By Alexey Sverdlin
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2014
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04b.a0005957
EISBN: 978-1-62708-166-5
... be used on the furnace. Performance requirements are intertwined with safety requirements for electrical and gas furnaces. The furnace hearth may vary from less than 0.5 to nearly 3 m 2 (5 to 32 ft 2 ). Heating may be done by direct or indirect fuel firing or by electricity. Muffle- and semimuffle...
Book Chapter

By Rebecca Tuszynski
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... an overview on the basic approaches in improving the fire resistance of polymers and the burning process (heating, decomposition, ignition, combustion, and propagation). It provides a brief description on the test methods which are classified into two types, one based on fire response characteristics...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006544
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
.... Better-informed plant personnel are the first step in preventing health, environmental, and safety hazards. Fire, Flash Fire, and Explosion Most metal powders and their dusts have a strong affinity for oxygen and can rapidly oxidize, especially when heated. Fine particles and flakes have an even...
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005350
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... surface itself but is reradiated off the walls or the roof of the furnace. The term reverberatory furnace is a throwback to the World War II era, when the most common fuels for hearth aluminum melting were coal or coke ( Fig. 2 ). This necessitated locating the heat source or fire box at one end...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004156
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Corrosion The lower furnace of a coal- or oil-fired boiler is essentially a large enclosed volume where the combustion of fossil fuel, as well as the cooling of the combustion products, takes place. The furnace enclosures are made of water-cooled tubes, generally in a welded membrane construction...
Book Chapter

By Lee E. Allgood
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005590
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... that of the metal. They are not removed by the arc heat and remain on the metal surface, restricting wetting, which, in turn, contributes to poor weld appearance. Fig. 9 Characteristics of current types for gas tungsten arc welding. DCEN, direct current electrode negative; DCEP, direct current electrode...
Book Chapter

By American Welding Society, G.R. Spies, G.C. Barnes, K.L. Brown, W. Beisner ...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001487
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
...-temperature heat source is present. Open flames, electric arcs, hot metal, sparks, and spatter are ready sources of ignition. Many fires are started by sparks, which can travel horizontally up to 10 m (35 ft) from their source and fall much greater distances. Sparks can pass through or lodge in cracks, holes...