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direct chill process
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 4 Vertical direct chill casting. (a) General arrangement of process. (b) Mold assembly. Source: Ref 1 , 2
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Image
Published: 30 November 2018
Fig. 4 Vertical direct chill casting. (a) General arrangement of process. (b) Mold assembly. Source: Ref 1 , 2
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
..., and particle ingot and powder. It describes the molten metal processing and ingot casting process in terms of open-mold casting and direct chill process. The article examines the continuous processes that provide commercial alternatives to conventional ingot casting. It reviews the postsolidification processes...
Abstract
Ingot casting is the vital conduit between molten metal provided by primary production and recycling, and the manufacture of aluminum and aluminum alloy products. This article discusses various ingot forms, such as remelt ingot, billets, ingots for rolling, fabricating ingot, and particle ingot and powder. It describes the molten metal processing and ingot casting process in terms of open-mold casting and direct chill process. The article examines the continuous processes that provide commercial alternatives to conventional ingot casting. It reviews the postsolidification processes in terms of stress relief, homogenization, and scalping. The article concludes with a discussion on safety limited to ingot casting.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005286
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... by downstream manufacturing processes. This article starts with a review of the different forms of ingot and the molten-metal processing techniques involved in ingot casting. It then describes the open-mold casting and direct chill (DC) ingot casting processes. The process variations and solidification...
Abstract
Ingot casting is the vital conduit between molten metal provided by primary production and recycling and the manufacture of aluminum and aluminum alloy products. A number of ingot casting processes have been developed to ensure the soundness, integrity, and homogeneity required by downstream manufacturing processes. This article starts with a review of the different forms of ingot and the molten-metal processing techniques involved in ingot casting. It then describes the open-mold casting and direct chill (DC) ingot casting processes. The process variations and solidification in the DC process are summarized. The article explains continuous processes, namely, twin-roll strip casting, slab casting, and wheel-belt processes. It concludes with information on postsolidification processes, including stress relief and scalping, and a discussion of safety practices for ingot casting.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005334
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... Abstract This article focuses on the variety of alloys, furnaces, and associated melting equipment as well as the casting methods available for manufacturing magnesium castings. These methods include sand casting, permanent mold casting, die casting, thixomolding, and direct chill casting...
Abstract
This article focuses on the variety of alloys, furnaces, and associated melting equipment as well as the casting methods available for manufacturing magnesium castings. These methods include sand casting, permanent mold casting, die casting, thixomolding, and direct chill casting. The article discusses the flux process and fluxless process for the melting and pouring of magnesium alloys. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of green sand molding and tabulates typical compositions and properties of magnesium molding sands. The article provides information on the machining characteristics of magnesium and the applications of magnesium alloys.
Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 8 Preparation of metallic glass (amorphous metal) strip. (a) Schematic of the planar-flow casting method. The arrow indicates the direction of the material flow, which is identical to the direction of the chill wheel rotation. (b) Sheet of metallic glass prepared by the planar-flow
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Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... shortness forces compromises in the steps normally taken to achieve directional solidification. Extensive localized chilling may aggravate crack formation. In these cases, more uniform casting section thickness, larger fillets, more gradual section thickness changes, larger risers and, in some cases, riser...
Abstract
Aluminum casting alloys are the most versatile of all common foundry alloys and generally have the highest castability ratings. This article provides an overview of the common methods of aluminum shape casting. These include gravity casting, die casting, sand casting, lost foam casting, shell mold casting, plaster casting, investment casting, permanent mold casting, squeeze casting, semisolid forming, centrifugal casting, and pressure die casting. The article presents several different factors on which the selection of a casting process depends. It discusses gating and risering principles in casting. The article concludes with information on premium engineered castings that provide higher levels of quality and reliability than in conventionally produced castings.
Image
in Simulation of Microstructure and Texture Evolution in Aluminum Sheet
> Fundamentals of Modeling for Metals Processing
Published: 01 December 2009
Fig. 1 Typical processing steps involved in the thermomechanical production of aluminum can stock. DC, direct chill
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 11 Feather crystals in an alloy 3003 ingot cast by the direct-chill semicontinuous process. Growth twins in the crystals. Polarized light. Barker's reagent. Original magnification 50×. Source: Ref 4
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Image
Published: 01 June 2024
Fig. 12 SEM micrographs of aluminum alloy AA2219 showing the phases present and the morphology. (a) AA2219 direct chill (DC) cast and homogenized specimen showing the morphology of the coarse primary CuAl 2 present along with second-phase particles. (b) AA2219-T87 plate along the longitudinal
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003727
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... by the direct-chill semicontinuous process. Growth twins in the crystals. Polarized light. Barker's reagent. Original magnification 50×. Source: Ref 4 In contrast to aluminum ingot alloys, the foundry eutectic alloys exhibit a very regular, mostly equiaxed structure, as shown in Fig. 12 . If properly...
Abstract
The most common aluminum alloy systems are aluminum-silicon, aluminum-copper, and aluminum-magnesium. This article focuses on the grain structure, eutectic microstructure, and dendritic microstructure of these systems. It provides information on microsegregation and its problems in casting of alloys. The article also illustrates the casting defects such as macroporosity, microshrinkage, and surface defects, associated with the alloys.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005216
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... pressure. This is termed exudation and results in even higher positive macrosegregation at the surface. In direct chill casting of aluminum ingots, this macrosegregation can be so severe that the exuded surface layer must later be removed by scalping the ingot. Fig. 4 Inverse segregation in an A1...
Abstract
Macrosegregation refers to spatial compositional variations that occur in metal alloy castings and range in scale from several millimeters to centimeters or even meters. This article presents a derivative approach for understanding the mechanism of macrosegregation induced by flow of the liquid and movement of the solid with examples.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006316
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
..., dramatically increases the number of eutectic cells. The greater the number of cells, the smaller the degree of undercooling and consequently the lower the chilling tendency. A well-known radical method commonly employed in increasing the cell count in hypoeutectic iron is the inoculation process. The effects...
Abstract
Thin-wall gray cast iron (TWGCI) can be seen as a potential material for the preparation of lightweight castings in automotive engineering applications. This article discusses the most important challenges for TWGCI: cooling rate, solidification, macrostructure, microstructure, and chilling tendency. It reviews the tensile properties and thermophysical properties of gray cast iron. The article describes the variables that influence molten iron preparation: charge materials, melting furnace thermal regime, chemical composition, modification and inoculation treatment, holding time/pouring procedure, mold properties (mold temperature, thermophysical properties of mold and mold coating), and casting design.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009016
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... of chills to extend FD. When applied to the edge of a casting section, the chill will withdraw heat rapidly, enhancing the development of directional solidification away from the edge. This will add to the length of the zone that will be sound due to end effect. Fig. 14 Effect of chills on feeding...
Abstract
The role of an engineer in designing risers is to make sure that risers provide the feed metal in the right amount, at the right place, and at the right time. This article addresses feed metal volume, riser location, and duration of liquid feed metal. It discusses the three types of feeding systems used in riser design: riser sleeves, topping compounds, and breaker cores.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., risers should be placed to achieve the maximum pressure differential and, when possible, should be open to the mold surface. Blind or enclosed risers must be adequately vented. Observe the principles of directional solidification. The use of chills, riser insulation, and casting design changes may...
Abstract
This article provides a general introduction on casting processes and design techniques. It discusses the process steps and methods of the main categories of shape casting methods, namely, expendable molds with permanent patterns, expendable molds with expendable patterns, and metal or permanent mold processes. The article lists the general guidelines of geometry in casting design. It describes the three separate contractions that are a result of cooling: liquid-liquid contraction, solid-solid contraction, and liquid-solid contraction. Factors influencing the solidification sequence of simple shapes, such as T-sections, X-sections, and L-sections, are discussed. The article also presents an overview of geometric factors that influence heat transfer and transport phenomena. It concludes with a description of the structure and properties of castings.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005260
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., or even salt. When nonmetal destructible cores are used, the process is called semipermanent mold casting. Basically, the process involves the following steps: A refractory wash or coating is applied to the surfaces of the preheated mold that will be in direct contact with the molten metal alloy...
Abstract
This article provides information on metals that can be cast in permanent molds. It describes the advantages, disadvantages, applications, and design of permanent castings. Following a discussion on the factors considered in mold design and material selection, the article details the application of mold coatings and examines the effects of major processing variables on mold life. The variables that determine mold temperature and measures for controlling it are reviewed, and the effects of short-term and long-term variables on the dimensional accuracy of permanent mold castings are explained. The article concludes with a discussion on the factors influencing the surface finish on permanent mold castings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract The primary objectives of the rolling process are to reduce the cross section of the incoming material while improving its properties and to obtain the desired section at the exit from the rolls. This article illustrates a rolling sequence for the fabrication of bars, shapes, and flat...
Abstract
The primary objectives of the rolling process are to reduce the cross section of the incoming material while improving its properties and to obtain the desired section at the exit from the rolls. This article illustrates a rolling sequence for the fabrication of bars, shapes, and flat products from blooms, billets, and slabs. It describes two methods for shapes or sections: universal rolling and caliber rolling. The article provides information on two-high mills and three-high mills. Specialty mills for thin sheets, namely, the Sendzimir mill and planetary mill, are discussed. The article analyzes the components of a computer controlled system for high-speed mills. Steels and nonferrous materials are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the defects in flat, bar, or shaped products due to heating and rolling practices.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005525
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... the liquid velocities and melt pools in casting processes are small, the flows are not always laminar. In large-scale liquid metal processes, such as vacuum arc or plasma arc remelting, or direct chill or continuous casting, the flows can transition from laminar to turbulent and relaminarize in different...
Abstract
This article presents conservation equations for heat, species, mass, and momentum to predict transport phenomena during solidification processing. It presents transport equations and several examples of their applications to illustrate the physics present in alloy solidification. The examples demonstrate the utility of scaling analysis to explain the fundamental physics in a process and to demonstrate the limitations of simplifying assumptions. The article concludes with information on the solidification behavior of alloys as predicted by full numerical solutions of the transport equations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... Abstract This article describes the extrusion process, which converts soft, plastic material into a particular form using an extruder, or screw conveyer. It discusses the two main types of plastic extruders, twin-screw and single-screw, estimation of extruder capacity, and design and operations...
Abstract
This article describes the extrusion process, which converts soft, plastic material into a particular form using an extruder, or screw conveyer. It discusses the two main types of plastic extruders, twin-screw and single-screw, estimation of extruder capacity, and design and operations (heating, cooling, downstream sizing, corrugating, and crossheading) of the screw, the most important component of any extruder. It discusses the shapes produced by screw extrusion and the types of extrusion products produced by extrusion processes, including blown-film extrusion, flat-film or sheet extrusion, chill-roll film extrusion, pipe or tube extrusion, wire and cable coverings, extrusion coating, and profile extrusion, and provides some discussion on multiple-screw extruders. The article describes the dimensional accuracy of extrusion products, and lists common defects that occur frequently in the extrusion process.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009022
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... the cavity and attempts to flow in all directions. If the distance from the gate to the extremities of the mold cavity is too great, the metal freezes prematurely, and misruns result. When ribs are added to the plate, Fig. 1(b) , the metal flows readily to the extremities of the mold cavity, and successful...
Abstract
In many castings, functional requirements dictate that walls be uniform or nearly uniform in thickness. Many problems in producing castings having walls of uniform thickness are associated with the premature freezing of molten metal before all parts of the mold cavity have been filled. This article discusses the design problems and solutions of various castings, such as sand, shell mold, permanent mold, and investment castings, with illustrations.
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