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dimpled intergranular fracture
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006777
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... a case history on IG fracture of steam generator tubes, where a lowering of the operating temperature was proposed to reduce failures. dimpled intergranular fracture grain boundaries hydrogen embrittlement intergranular brittle cracking intergranular fatigue intergranular stress-corrosion...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the factors that influence the occurrence of intergranular (IG) fractures. Because the appearance of IG fractures is often very similar, the principal focus is placed on the various metallurgical or environmental factors that cause grain boundaries to become the preferred path of crack growth. The article describes in more detail some typical mechanisms that cause IG fracture. It discusses the causes and effects of IG brittle cracking, dimpled IG fracture, IG fatigue, hydrogen embrittlement, and IG stress-corrosion cracking. The article presents a case history on IG fracture of steam generator tubes, where a lowering of the operating temperature was proposed to reduce failures.
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003540
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... Abstract This article briefly reviews the various metallurgical or environmental factors that cause a weakening of the grain boundaries and, in turn, influence the occurrence of intergranular (IG) fractures. It discusses the mechanisms of IG fractures, including the dimpled IG fracture, the IG...
Abstract
This article briefly reviews the various metallurgical or environmental factors that cause a weakening of the grain boundaries and, in turn, influence the occurrence of intergranular (IG) fractures. It discusses the mechanisms of IG fractures, including the dimpled IG fracture, the IG brittle fracture, and the IG fatigue fracture. The article describes some typical embrittlement mechanisms that cause the IG fracture of steels.
Image
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 74 Effect of temperature on double-aged Inconel X-750 that was tested at a nominal strain rate of 3 × 10 −5 s −1 . (a) and (b) The fracture at room temperature occurs by intergranular dimple rupture. Note the evidence of dimple rupture network on the intergranular walls. (c) and (d
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Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000612
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... view of a region of the fracture surface shown in Fig. 732 , revealing none of the intergranular rupture characteristic of hydrogen embrittlement, but showing the equiaxed dimples of tension overload. See Fig. 734 for enlarged view of outlined area. 4000× Fig. 734 Higher-magnification view...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of precipitation-hardening stainless steels and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the cup-and-cone tension-overload fracture, low-cycle and high-cycle fatigue fracture, fracture surface, brittle intergranular fracture, hydrogen embrittlement, and intergranular stress-corrosion cracking of stainless steel components of these steels. The components include high-pressure compressor parts, springs, deflector yokes of aircraft main landing gears, and aircraft engine mount beams.
Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 1 Crack propagation mechanisms: (a) Cleavage crack propagation. (b) Dimple fracture due to coarse particles. (c) Dimple fracture due to fine particles. (d) Dimple fracture due to coarse and fine particles. (e) Intergranular crack propagation due to grain boundary precipitates. (f
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Image
Published: 01 January 1996
Fig. 1 Crack propagation mechanisms: (a) cleavage crack propagation. (b) Dimple fracture due to coarse particles. (c) Dimple fracture due to fine particles. (d) Dimple fracture due to coarse and fine particles. (e) Intergranular crack propagation due to grain boundary precipitates. (f
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Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000619
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
.... SEM, 600× Fig. 906 Tensile-overload fracture in a fracture-toughness specimen of 64Cu-27Ni-9Fe alloy that underwent spinodal decomposition during heat treatment for 10 h at 775 °C (1425 °F). The surface contains many intergranular facets with intervening regions of dimpled transgranular...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of copper alloys and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the following: fatigue fracture, intergranular fracture, transgranular fracture, microvoid coalescence, corrosion fatigue, fatigue striations, tensile-overload fracture, stress-corrosion cracking, and pitting corrosion of these alloys.
Image
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 9 Ductile and brittle fracture morphologies resulting from LMIE. (a) Fracture surface produced by subcritical cracking in D-6ac steel (tempered at 650 °C, or 1200 °F) in liquid mercury showing predominantly dimpled intercrystalline fracture along prior-austenite grain boundaries. (b
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Image
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 76 Intergranular dimple rupture in a Ti-6Al-2Nb-1Ta-0.8Ta alloy tested at 800 °F (1470 °F). The fracture path in this alloy, tensile tested at a strain rate of about 3.3 × 10 −4 s −1 , changes at 800 °C (1470 °F) from a predominantly transgranular dimple at room temperature (not shown
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Image
Published: 01 January 1987
Fig. 75 Effect of test temperature on the fracture of Haynes 556, which was tensile tested at a strain rate of 1 s −1 at increasing temperature. (a) Dimple rupture fracture at 1015 °C (1860 °F). At the bottom of many of the dimples are TaC inclusions, which initiated microvoid coalescence. (b
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... of the main fracture modes and their characteristic fractographic features. It discusses the four principal fracture modes: dimple rupture (or fracture), cleavage, fatigue, and intergranular fracture. The article provides information on special cases of environmentally assisted fracture. It concludes...
Abstract
As cast iron parts are extensively applied, fracture events will eventually take place. Consequently, it becomes essential to carry out failure analyses to identify the cause of fracture and to provide corrective actions that allow safe operation. This article presents a description of the main fracture modes and their characteristic fractographic features. It discusses the four principal fracture modes: dimple rupture (or fracture), cleavage, fatigue, and intergranular fracture. The article provides information on special cases of environmentally assisted fracture. It concludes with a description of fractographic analyses for identifying the direction of propagation of a crack.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000623
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... ( da / dN ) and stress-intensity factor (Δ K ) increased, the fracture surface changed from one characterized by large transgranular facets to one exhibiting intergranular facets and dimples. Crack growth direction is from left to right. Fig. 1103 , 1104 and 1105 : Fracture surface at low Δ K...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of titanium alloys and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the fracture surface, fatigue crack growth, intergranular fracture, crack propagation, ductile overload fracture, dimpled rupture, microvoid coalescence, and quasi-cleavage fracture of these alloys.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000617
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... fracture, grain boundaries, notch and fatigue precrack, dimpled rupture, and fatigue striations of these alloys. fractograph intergranular fracture nickel alloys Fig. 867 Surface of a fracture in a bend-test specimen of Nickel 201 containing 0.02% C, 0.35% Mn, 0.01% S, 0.35% Si, 0.25% Cu...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of nickel alloys and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the fatigue crack, transgranular cleavage, intergranular fracture, grain boundaries, notch and fatigue precrack, dimpled rupture, and fatigue striations of these alloys.
Book: Fatigue and Fracture
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 19
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v19.a0002349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-193-1
... or quasicleavage, and intergranular failure. Certain fundamental characteristics of fracture observed in precipitation-hardening alloys, ferrous alloys, titanium alloys are also discussed. cleavage fracture crack growth cracking creep dimpled rupture ductile striation formation failure analysis...
Abstract
The cracking process occurs slowly over the service life from various crack growth mechanisms such as fatigue, stress-corrosion cracking, creep, and hydrogen-induced cracking. Each of these mechanisms has certain characteristic features that are used in failure analysis to determine the cause of cracking or crack growth. This article discusses the macroscopic and microscopic basis of understanding and modeling fracture resistance of metals. It describes the four major types of failure modes in engineering alloys, namely, dimpled rupture, ductile striation formation, cleavage or quasicleavage, and intergranular failure. Certain fundamental characteristics of fracture observed in precipitation-hardening alloys, ferrous alloys, titanium alloys are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0000601
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... Abstract This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of pure irons and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the grain-boundary cavitation; slip lines; intergranular...
Abstract
This article is an atlas of fractographs that helps in understanding the causes and mechanisms of fracture of pure irons and in identifying and interpreting the morphology of fracture surfaces. The fractographs illustrate the grain-boundary cavitation; slip lines; intergranular fracture; cleavage fracture; notch-impact fracture; oxide inclusions and blowholes; ductile rupture; impact fracture and tensile-test fracture surfaces; fatigue striations; and crack initiation and propagation of pure irons.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006778
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... surface) • Microvoids (dimples) elongated in direction of loading • Single crack with no branching • Surface slip band emergence • Cleavage or intergranular fracture • Origin area may contain an imperfection or stress concentrator • Progressive zone: worn appearance, flat, may show striations...
Abstract
This article aims to identify and illustrate the types of overload failures, which are categorized as failures due to insufficient material strength and underdesign, failures due to stress concentration and material defects, and failures due to material alteration. It describes the general aspects of fracture modes and mechanisms. The article briefly reviews some mechanistic aspects of ductile and brittle crack propagation, including discussion on mixed-mode cracking. Factors associated with overload failures are discussed, and, where appropriate, preventive steps for reducing the likelihood of overload fractures are included. The article focuses primarily on the contribution of embrittlement to overload failure. The embrittling phenomena are described and differentiated by their causes, effects, and remedial methods, so that failure characteristics can be directly compared during practical failure investigation. The article describes the effects of mechanical loading on a part in service and provides information on laboratory fracture examination.
Book: Fractography
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 12
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1987
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v12.a0001831
EISBN: 978-1-62708-181-8
... cycle produce a fracture surface that exhibits various dimple sizes ( Fig. 2 ). When microvoids nucleate at the grain boundaries.( Fig. 3 ), intergranular dimple rupture results. Fig. 2 Examples of the dimple rupture mode of fracture. (a) Large and small dimples on the fracture surface...
Abstract
This article begins with a discussion of the basic fracture modes, including dimple ruptures, cleavages, fatigue fractures, and decohesive ruptures, and of the important mechanisms involved in the fracture process. It then describes the principal effects of the external environment that significantly affect the fracture propagation rate and fracture appearance. The external environment includes hydrogen, corrosive media, low-melting metals, state of stress, strain rate, and temperature. The mechanism of stress-corrosion cracking in metals such as steels, aluminum, brass, and titanium alloys, when exposed to a corrosive environment under stress, is also reviewed. The final section of the article describes and shows fractographs that illustrate the influence of metallurgical discontinuities such as laps, seams, cold shuts, porosity, inclusions, segregation, and unfavorable grain flow in forgings and how these discontinuities affect fracture initiation, propagation, and the features of fracture surfaces.
Image
Published: 01 January 2002
Fig. 6 Intergranular separation in an area of the surface of the hydrogen embrittlement fracture of the type 431 stainless steel mushroom-head closure of Fig. 4 and 5 . When viewed in three-dimension, the somewhat rounded separated-grain surfaces show cavities akin to dimples in appearance
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Image
Published: 15 January 2021
Fig. 6 Intergranular separation in an area of the surface of the hydrogen embrittlement fracture of the type 431 stainless steel mushroom-head closure of Fig. 4 and 5 . When viewed in three dimension, the somewhat rounded separated-grain surfaces show cavities akin to dimples in appearance
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Image
Published: 09 June 2014
Fig. 30 Fracture origin surface of the furnace-tempered shaft. The fracture mode is intergranular, with some dimple-rupture-type fracture, which would be considered normal. Source: Ref 43
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