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ASM International Committee on Nondestructive Testing of Composites, R.H. Bossi, D.E. Bowles, Y. Bar-Cohen, T.E. Drake ...
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digital radiography
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006459
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... Abstract Digital radiography is a technique that uses digital detector arrays (linear or area) to capture an X-ray photonic signal and convert it to an electronic signal for display on a computer. This article begins with an overview of real-time radiography and provides a schematic...
Abstract
Digital radiography is a technique that uses digital detector arrays (linear or area) to capture an X-ray photonic signal and convert it to an electronic signal for display on a computer. This article begins with an overview of real-time radiography and provides a schematic illustration of a typical radioscopic system using an X-ray image intensifier. It discusses the advantages and limitations of real-time radiography. Computed radiography (CR) is one of the radiography techniques that utilizes a reusable detector comprised of photostimuable luminescence (PSL) storage phosphor. The article provides a schematic illustration of a typical storage phosphor imaging plate. It concludes with a discussion on the benefits of digital radiography.
Image
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 18 Computed tomography and digital radiography scanner designed for the nondestructive testing and dimensional analysis of a variety of parts up to 300 mm (12 in.) in diameter and 600 mm (24 in.) in length
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Image
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 29 Digital radiography mode. The component moves perpendicular to the fan beam, and the radiographic data are acquired line-by-line.
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006456
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
.... It also provides information on digital radiography, image processing and analysis, dual-energy imaging, and partial angle imaging, of a CT system. computed tomography digital radiography dual-energy imaging film radiography partial angle imaging real-time radiography X-ray computed tomography...
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is an imaging technique that generates a three-dimensional (3-D) volumetric image of a test piece. This article illustrates the basic principles of CT and provides information on the types, applications, and capabilities of CT systems. A comparison of performance characteristics for film radiography, real-time radiography, and X-ray computed tomography is presented in a table. A functional block diagram of a typical computed tomography system is provided. The article discusses CT scanning geometry that is used to acquire the necessary transmission data. It also provides information on digital radiography, image processing and analysis, dual-energy imaging, and partial angle imaging, of a CT system.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003238
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... radiography with these devices was restricted to aluminum, plastics, or thin sections of steel. By the mid-1970s, other technological developments led to further improvements such as high-energy, x-ray sensitivity for image intensifiers, improved screen materials, digital video processing for image...
Abstract
Radiography is a nondestructive-inspection method that is based on the differential absorption of penetrating radiation by the part or test piece (object) being inspected. This article discusses the fundamentals and general applications of radiography, and describes the sources of radiation in radiographic inspection, including X-rays and gamma rays. It deals with the characteristics that differentiate neutron radiography from X-ray or gamma-ray radiography. The geometric principles of shadow formation, image conversion, variation of attenuation with test-piece thickness, and many other factors that govern the exposure and processing of a neutron radiograph are similar to those for radiography using X-rays or gamma rays.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005616
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... penetrating radiation, is used to record the internal flaws of the object on a radiographic film. Because of the danger of these rays, only qualified personnel are authorized to perform these tests. As one of the recently developed radiography methods, digital x-ray radiography using cadmium telluride...
Abstract
This article describes the fundamental aspects of three nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods of solid-state welds in terms of operation principles. These methods are radiography, ultrasound, and eddy current methods. The article provides examples of these NDE techniques performed on various types of flaws resulting from solid-state welding processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006477
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... penetrating radiation, is used to record the internal flaws of the object on a radiographic film. Because of the danger of these rays, only qualified personnel are authorized to perform these tests. As one of the recently developed radiography methods, digital x-ray radiography using cadmium telluride...
Abstract
A number of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods, such as radiography, ultrasound, and eddy current, are available to detect flaws in solid materials. This article describes the fundamental aspects of these NDE methods in terms of operation principles. It presents some examples of the methods performed on various types of flaws resulting from solid-state welding processes.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006445
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... of the capabilities of digital radiography equipment. Flat bars of constant thickness were pressed for calibration of the radiation intensity with respect to density. A linear correlation was found even without a correction for the sample thickness ( Fig. 12 ). Fig. 12 Correlation of density and radiation...
Abstract
The potential for introducing defects during processing becomes greater as the relative density of pressed and sintered powder metallurgy (PM) parts increases and more multilevel parts with complex geometric shapes are produced. This article discusses the potential defects in pressed and sintered PM parts: density variations, compaction and ejection cracks, microlaminations, poor degree of sintering, and voids from prior lubricant agglomerates. It describes the various methods applicable to green compacts: direct-current resistivity testing, radiographic techniques, computed tomography, and gamma-ray density determination. The article also discusses the methods for automated nondestructive testing of pressed and sintered PM parts: acoustic methods-resonance testing, eddy current testing, magnetic bridge comparator testing, ultrasonic techniques, radiographic techniques, gamma-ray density determination, and visual inspection.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006336
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... image. A thicker part generates more scattered radiation (a component of geometric unsharpness). Most radiation detectors fall into three categories: film (analog), computed radiography (digital), and digital radiography (digital). Film is historically the most commonly used radiation detector. Film...
Abstract
Nondestructive inspection (NDI) methods for cast iron are used to ensure that the parts supplied perform as required by the purchaser. This article focuses on the principal nondestructive methods used to inspect for anomalies in cast irons and to determine if the volume, shape, size, or number of these anomalies exceeds the maximum allowed by the purchaser. The nondestructive methods include visual inspection, dimensional inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic-particle inspection, eddy-current inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, resonant testing, and leak testing. The technique, strengths, and weaknesses of each of the nondestructive methods are also discussed.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006448
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... with the radiation, that is, conversion of radiation into a form suitable for observation or further signal processing. This conversion is accomplished with either a recording medium (usually film), a real-time imaging medium (such as fluorescent screens or scintillation crystals), computed radiography, digital...
Abstract
Radiography is the process or technique of producing images of a solid material on a paper/photographic film or on a fluorescent screen by means of radiation particles or electromagnetic waves of short wavelength. This article reviews the general characteristics and safety principles associated with radiography. There are two main aspects of safety: monitoring radiation dosage and protecting personnel. The article summarizes the major factors involved in both and discusses the operating characteristics of X-ray tubes. It describes the various methods of controlling scattered radiation: use of lead screens; protection against backscatter and scatter from external objects; and use of masks, diaphragms, collimators, and filtration. The article concludes with a discussion on image conversion media, including recording media, lead screens, lead oxide screens, and fluorescent intensifying screens.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006758
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... film techniques and are becoming widely available for specific failure analysis applications. Backscatter x-ray imaging, computed radiography, digital radiography, and computed tomography (CT) are available to investigate the volume of the component where traditional RT and UT techniques may...
Abstract
The goal of using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in conjunction with failure analysis is to obtain the most comprehensive set of data in order to characterize the details of the damage and determine the factors that allowed the damage to occur. The NDE results can be used to determine optimal areas upon which to focus for sectioning and metallography in order to further investigate the condition of the component. This article provides information on the inspection method available for failure analysis, including standard methods such as visual testing, penetrant testing, and magnetic particle testing. It covers the effects of various factors on the properties of the part that may impact failure analysis, describes the characterization of damage modes and crack sizes, and finally discusses the processes involved in application of NDE results to failure analysis.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006764
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... stress applied to magnetic material Online monitoring of magnetic material Not suitable for nonmagnetic material Online monitoring; can sense stress without cracking Magnetic metals, steel, nickel, iron, chrome Radiography, computed tomography, digital x-ray, neutron radiographic testing, x-ray...
Abstract
Nondestructive testing (NDT), also known as nondestructive evaluation (NDE), includes various techniques to characterize materials without damage. This article focuses on the typical NDE techniques that may be considered when conducting a failure investigation. The article begins with discussion about the concept of the probability of detection (POD), on which the statistical reliability of crack detection is based. The coverage includes the various methods of surface inspection, including visual-examination tools, scanning technology in dimensional metrology, and the common methods of detecting surface discontinuities by magnetic-particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, and eddy-current testing. The major NDE methods for internal (volumetric) inspection in failure analysis also are described.
Image
Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 9 Comparison of (a) computed tomography (CT) and (b) radiography. A high-quality digital radiograph (b) of a solid rocket motor igniter shows a serious flaw in a carefully oriented tangential shot. A CT image (a) at the height of the flaw shows the flaw in more detail and in a form
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Image
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 1 Comparison of (a) computed tomography (CT) and (b) radiography. A high-quality digital radiograph (b) of a solid rocket motor igniter shows a serious flaw in a carefully oriented tangential shot. A CT image (a) at the height of the flaw shows the flaw in more detail and in a form
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Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005341
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... (sharp corners or radii) and/or made with alloys that are prone to hot tearing are often subjected to liquid penetrant inspection. Radiographic Inspection The term radiography refers to a method that produces a two-dimensional permanent image on film or paper that has been exposed to unabsorbed...
Abstract
The commonly used nondestructive testing of cast products include liquid penetrant inspection, radiographic inspection, fluoroscopic inspection and automated defect recognition, ultrasonic inspection, eddy current inspection, process-controlled resonant testing (PCRT), leak test, and electrical conductivity measurements. This article summarizes the application of these nondestructive tests to castings. It also tabulates a partial list of automotive part types and materials amenable to PCRT and lists the potential limitations to the use of PCRT.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006763
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
... photographic principles and techniques as applied to failure analysis, both in the field and in the laboratory. The discussion covers the processes involved in field and laboratory photographic documentations, provides a description of professional digital cameras, and gives information on photographic...
Abstract
Failure analysis is an investigative process that uses visual observations of features present on a failed component fracture surface combined with component and environmental conditions to determine the root cause of a failure. The primary means of recording the conditions and features observed during a failure analysis investigation is photography. Failure analysis photographic imaging is a combination of both science and art; experience and proper imaging techniques are required to produce an accurate and meaningful fracture surface photograph. This article reviews photographic principles and techniques as applied to failure analysis, both in the field and in the laboratory. The discussion covers the processes involved in field and laboratory photographic documentations, provides a description of professional digital cameras, and gives information on photographic lighting and microscopic photography. Special techniques can be employed to deal with highly reflective conditions and are also described in this article.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 17
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v17.a0006478
EISBN: 978-1-62708-190-0
... acoustic transducer, radiography, thermography, and low-frequency vibration methods. The article also provides information on NDE methods commonly used for metal-matrix composites. acoustic emission computed tomography digital radiography eddy-current electromagnetic acoustic transducer fiber...
Abstract
This article introduces the principal methodologies and some advanced technologies that are being applied for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. These include acoustic emission, ultrasonic, eddy-current, computed tomography, electromagnetic acoustic transducer, radiography, thermography, and low-frequency vibration methods. The article also provides information on NDE methods commonly used for metal-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003436
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
..., radiography, X-ray computed tomography, thermography, low-frequency vibration methods, acoustic emission, eddy current testing, optical holography, and shearography. The article presents some examples are for fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. Many of the techniques have general applicability...
Abstract
This article introduces the principal methodologies and some technologies that are being applied for nondestructive evaluation of composite materials. These include ultrasonic testing (UT), air-coupled UT, laser UT, ultrasonic spectroscopy, leaky lamb wave method, acousto-ultrasonics, radiography, X-ray computed tomography, thermography, low-frequency vibration methods, acoustic emission, eddy current testing, optical holography, and shearography. The article presents some examples are for fiber-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. Many of the techniques have general applicability to other types of composites such as metal-matrix composites and ceramic-matrix composites.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006974
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
... are detected, with irregularities highlighting defects. A, B, and C scan methods, referring to different acquisition modes Phased array Radiographic Absorption of x-rays; differences in absorption relate to defects Two-dimensional radiography (film, digital, and computed radiography) X-ray...
Abstract
X-ray radiography and computed tomography (CT) are nondestructive testing (NDT) tools particularly well suited to additive manufacturing (AM). A brief overview of NDT for AM is presented in this article, including other NDT methods, followed by identifying the key advantages and requirements for x-ray radiography and CT in AM. Less widely known applications of CT are also presented, including powder characterization, the evaluation of lattice structures, surface roughness measurements, and four-dimensional CT involving interrupted (before-after) CT scans of the same parts, or even in situ scans of the same part subjected to some processing or loading conditions. The article concludes with a discussion on the limits and some guidelines for the use of x-ray and CT for various AM materials.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 May 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11B.a0006851
EISBN: 978-1-62708-395-9
... digital camera. It covers basic photographic principles and manipulation of settings that assist in producing high-quality images. The need for accurate photographic documentation in failure analysis is also presented. failure analysis photographic documentation photography professional digital...
Abstract
Failure analysis is an investigative process in which the visual observations of features present on a failed component and the surrounding environment are essential in determining the root cause of a failure. This article reviews the basic photographic principles and techniques that are applied to failure analysis, both in the field and in the laboratory. It discusses the processes involved in visual examination, field photographic documentation, and laboratory photographic documentation of failed components. The article describes the operating principles of each part of a professional digital camera. It covers basic photographic principles and manipulation of settings that assist in producing high-quality images. The need for accurate photographic documentation in failure analysis is also presented.
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