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Image
Schematic of crack showing the differential aeration macrocell that establi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 1996
Fig. 19 Schematic of crack showing the differential aeration macrocell that establishes the crack-tip chemistry and the local microcell that is associated with metal dissolution and crack advance. Because the differential aeration macrocell is not essential to elevated crack growth rates, some
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Image
Schematic of crack showing the differential aeration macrocell that establi...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2000
Fig. 23 Schematic of crack showing the differential aeration macrocell that establishes the crack-tip chemistry and the local microcell that is associated with metal dissolution and crack advance. Because the differential aeration macrocell is not essential to elevated crack growth rates, some
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Image
Corrosion caused by differential aeration in a duct. Arrows indicate direct...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 2 Corrosion caused by differential aeration in a duct. Arrows indicate direction of current flow. Source: Ref 2
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Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003819
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... corrosion: galvanic coupling, differential aeration, alkalinity, and stray currents. The resistance of lead and lead alloys to corrosion by a wide variety of chemicals is attributed to the polarization of local anodes caused by the formation of a relatively insoluble surface film of lead corrosion products...
Abstract
The rate and form of corrosion that occur in a particular situation depend on many complex variables. This article discusses the rate of corrosion of lead in natural and domestic water depending on the degree of water hardness caused by calcium and magnesium salts. Lead exhibits consistent durability in all types of atmospheric exposure, including industrial, rural, and marine. The article tabulates the corrosion of lead in various natural outdoor atmospheres and the corrosion of lead alloys in various soils. It explains the factors that influence in initiating or accelerating corrosion: galvanic coupling, differential aeration, alkalinity, and stray currents. The resistance of lead and lead alloys to corrosion by a wide variety of chemicals is attributed to the polarization of local anodes caused by the formation of a relatively insoluble surface film of lead corrosion products. The article also provides information on the corrosion rate of lead in chemical environments.
Image
Diagrams of the filiform-corrosion cell in steel (a), aluminum (b), and mag...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2003
Fig. 6 Diagrams of the filiform-corrosion cell in steel (a), aluminum (b), and magnesium (c). Corrosion products and predominant reactions are labeled. Filiform corrosion is a differential-aeration cell driven by differences in oxygen concentration in the head versus the tail section
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Image
The nail was removed from an outside door frame. Selective crevice-type cor...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
Fig. 10 The nail was removed from an outside door frame. Selective crevice-type corrosion was caused by differential aeration where an outer wooden panel was fixed to an inner wooden support. There are possible contributions from the different woods (a softer outer wood nailed to a hardwood
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Image
The upper area of an aboveground storage tank displayed local rusting and l...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
surface. The variations in fluid and debris during the seasons contributed to corrosion processes that included underdeposit attack with differential aeration effects. Control: The design of the flat steel plate tank and its location contributed to the problem. A tank with a sloped top to allow water
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Image
Long-term contact with water (one side) and wet soils (other side) resulted...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 January 2005
contacted the piling (differential aeration effects). Waterline attack was noted from the canal side of the piling, with preferential corrosion caused by short diffusion paths where the meniscus zone of the water contacted the metal. Control: Better coatings and/or cathodic protection are advantageous
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003614
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... is favored over filiform corrosion when the RH approaches 100% ( Ref 1 ). Blistering is believed to result from the fact that at high humidities organic coatings become water saturated and permeable to oxygen, making it difficult to sustain differential aeration and separation of anode and cathode...
Abstract
Filiform corrosion has been observed to occur under a wide range of organic coatings and proceeds with the same general characteristics on steel, aluminum, and magnesium. This article describes the standard tests for filiform corrosion, characteristics and mechanisms of filiform corrosion in steels, as well as coated aluminum and magnesium. It concludes with information on the prevention and mitigation of filiform corrosion accomplished through the adjustment of the environment and changes in the substrate and coating systems.
Book Chapter
External Corrosion of Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... of which a variety of different types exist. These include differential aeration cells, where different parts of a pipe are exposed to different oxygen concentrations in the soil, and cells created by differences in the nature of the pipe surface or the soil chemistry. This behavior is sometimes obvious...
Abstract
This article describes the mechanisms of differential corrosion cells corrosion, microbiologically influenced corrosion, and stray direct current corrosion. It discusses the most common causes and contributing factors for corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking, as well as prevention, mitigation, detection, and repair processes.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Characteristics of Carbon and Alloy Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003105
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... water retention, poor aeration, and poor drainage, all of which increase corrosion rates for steel. The most severe corrosion usually takes place at low elevations in poorly drained soils where there is minimal aeration. Differential Aeration Corrosion by differential aeration can result from...
Abstract
Corrosion of metals is defined as deterioration caused by chemical or electrochemical reaction of the metal with its environment. This article provides information on corrosion of iron and steel by aqueous and nonaqueous media. It discusses the corrosive environments of carbon and alloy steels, namely atmospheric corrosion, soil corrosion, corrosion in fresh water and seawater. The article describes the corrosion process in concrete, which tends to create conditions that increase the rate of attack. The focus is on the stress-corrosion cracking of steels; an environmentally induced crack propagation that results from the combined interaction of mechanical stress and corrosion reactions. The article tabulates a guide on corrosion prevention for carbon steels in various environments. It also discusses protection methods of steel from corrosion, including coatings, such as temporary protection, cleaning, hot dip coating, electroplating, thermal spray coatings, conversion coatings, thin organic coatings, and inhibitors.
Book Chapter
Evaluating Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003670
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... that are important in corrosion reactions (e.g., oxygen or nitrite inhibitors). Alternatively, their physical presence may form a slime or poultice, which leads to differential aeration cell attack or crevice corrosion. They may also break down the desirable physical properties of lubricating oils or protective...
Abstract
This article explains how an engineer might go about assessing the risk of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) in an industrial situation. It describes the systems that are susceptible to the effects of MIC by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The article discusses the effects of microorganisms other than SRB on metals. SRB-related problems, which are the most common MIC issue, are also explored. The article describes the test procedures used to enumerate microbiological populations. It concludes with a discussion on risk assessment based on operating conditions.
Book Chapter
Simulated Service Corrosion Testing in Water
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003650
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
... for departure. Some test methods involve the insertion of coupons or test panels into a conduit, with the environment at actual velocity and aeration. Other test methods involve the insertion of a test section into the flow line, especially if wall effects might be important. Still other tests require immersion...
Abstract
Simulated service testing includes exposures of either structural components or test specimens in environments that are representative of many general service situations. This article discusses the selection criteria of test specimens and methods of assessing the corrosion effects. The ASTM International and NACE International standards that are directly or indirectly applicable to simulated service corrosion testing in water are tabulated. The article also describes the effects of variable concentrations of dissolved carbonates, such as calcium, magnesium, and/or sodium, in water on corrosion.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003805
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... interface. Another low-loss area exists in the tidal zone approximately halfway between mean high-water and mean low-water levels. The minimum corrosion within the tidal zone and the secondary peak just below the tidal zone are due to differential aeration ( Ref 27 ). The continuously submerged zones...
Abstract
This article discusses the environmental factors and kinetics of atmospheric corrosion, aqueous corrosion, and soil corrosion of carbon steels. It also provides information on corrosion in concrete and steel boilers.
Book Chapter
Corrosion and Remaining Life Assessment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 August 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11A.a0006823
EISBN: 978-1-62708-329-4
... Technique , MATEC Web Conf. , Vol 39 , 2016 , p 01004 , 10.1051/matecconf/20163901004 10. Alkire R. and Nicolaides G. , Differential Aeration Corrosion of a Passivating Metal under a Moist Film of Locally Variable Thickness , J. Electrochem. Soc. , Vol 121 ( No. 2 ), Feb 1974...
Abstract
This article illustrates the use of the American Petroleum Institute (API) 579-1/ASME FFS-1 fitness-for-service (FFS) code (2020) to assess the serviceability and remaining life of a corroded flare knockout drum from an oil refinery, two fractionator columns affected by corrosion under insulation in an organic sulfur environment, and an equalization tank with localized corrosion in the shell courses in a chemicals facility. In the first two cases, remaining life is assessed by determining the minimum thickness required to operate the corroded equipment. The first is based on a Level 2 FFS assessment, while the second involves a Level 3 assessment. The last case involves several FFS assessments to evaluate localized corrosion in which remaining life was assessed by determining the minimum required thickness using the concept of remaining strength factor for groove-like damage and evaluating crack-like flaws using the failure assessment diagram. Need for caution in predicting remaining life due to corrosion is also covered.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003130
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
.... Local cells are formed by such nonuniformities in the metal as well as environmental nonuniformities, such as those created by differential aeration cells or by heavy metals plated out on the surface. Localized corrosion in a microscopic sense results from galvanic coupling and stray-current effects...
Abstract
This article discusses the corrosion resistance of aluminum and aluminum alloys in various environments, such as in natural atmospheres, fresh waters, seawater, and soils, and when exposed to chemicals and their solutions and foods. It describes the forms of corrosion of aluminum and aluminum alloys, including pitting corrosion, intergranular corrosion, exfoliation corrosion, galvanic corrosion, stray-current corrosion, deposition corrosion, crevice corrosion, filiform corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and hydrogen embrittlement. The article also presents a short note on aluminum clad products and corrosion at joints.
Book Chapter
Design for Corrosion Resistance
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.a0002471
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
... ( Eq 4 ) and oxygen reduction ( Eq 5(a) , 5(b) ). Thus, referring to Fig. 5 , corrosion of nickel in deaerated acids will be confined thermodynamically to the E /pH “space” between line “a” and the line described by Eq 12 and 16 (at about −0.35 V SHE in Fig. 5 ), whereas in aerated acids...
Abstract
This article discusses the principles of corrosion and the basis of the various prevention measures that can be taken for different corrosion modes. It describes aqueous corrosion phenomena in terms of the electrochemical reactions that occur at the metal-environment interface. The article explains the specific forms of corrosion, including general corrosion, localized attack, and environmentally assisted cracking. It provides a discussion on the engineering aspects of design that can, without due care and attention, precipitate unexpected premature failure. The article reviews ways to improve corrosion awareness and prevent corrosion/degradation. It describes a life prediction method with an example of environmental degradation in light-water nuclear reactors. The article concludes with a discussion on the validation of life-prediction algorithms and their applications.
Book Chapter
Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion in Military Environments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004130
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... settlement. Biofilms produce an environment at the biofilm-surface interface that is radically different from that of the bulk medium in terms of pH, dissolved oxygen, and inorganic and organic species. In some cases, the presence of localized microbial colonies can cause differential aeration cells, metal...
Abstract
This article focuses on microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) of military assets. It discusses the mechanisms of MIC in hydrocarbon fuels and atmospheric, immersion, and buried environments with specific examples. The article describes the behavior of metals and alloys, namely, copper alloy, nickel alloy, titanium and titanium alloys, aluminum alloys, stainless steels, and carbon steel in immersion environments.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Characteristics of Copper and Copper Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Water line attack is a term used to describe pitting due to a differential oxygen cell functioning between the well-aerated surface layer of a liquid and the oxygen-starved layer immediately beneath it. The pitting occurs immediately below the water line. Impingement Various forms of impingement...
Abstract
Copper and copper alloys are widely used in many environments and applications because of their excellent corrosion resistance, which is coupled with combinations of other desirable properties. This article lists the identifying characteristics of the forms of corrosion that commonly attack copper metals as well as the most effective means of combating each. General corrosion, galvanic corrosion, pitting, impingement, fretting, intergranular corrosion, dealloying, corrosion fatigue, and stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) are some forms of corrosion. The article also lists a galvanic series of metals and alloys valid for dilute aqueous solutions, such as seawater and weak acids. It provides useful information on the effects of alloy compositions, selection for specific environments, and atmospheric corrosion of selected copper alloys. The article also tabulates the corrosion ratings of wrought copper alloys in various corrosive media.
Book: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003969
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
.... Selective crevice-type corrosion was caused by differential aeration where an outer wooden panel was fixed to an inner wooden support. There are possible contributions from the different woods (a softer outer wood nailed to a hardwood base); several woods are acidic in nature. Moisture could have condensed...
Abstract
This article is a pictorial guide to forms of corrosion that draws attention to common pitfalls or situations that have caused premature corrosion, sometimes with expensive consequences. The examples used are not exhaustive; they highlight the necessity to fully examine materials, conditions, and specific circumstances that together can reduce the anticipated service life of a component or plant. The color images in this article are categorized according to the type of corrosion following the general order that is adopted in Volume 13A of ASM Handbook. The first table of the article provides a categorization of the forms of corrosion. It also provides a reference to articles or sections of articles in Volume 13A that detail the particular corrosion form or mechanism. The second table is a guide listing the figures in this article by material and by the corrosion form or mechanism illustrated.
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