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Diamond grinding application range as a function of diamond abrasive grain ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 1995
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Published: 01 January 1989
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Published: 01 November 1995
Book Chapter
Cemented Carbide Secondary Operations
Available to PurchaseBook: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006054
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article describes the secondary operations for cemented carbide parts, namely, diamond grinding, honing, electrical discharge machining, and brazing after sintering to achieve desired results, such as specified size, shape, edge condition, and surface finish. brazing...
Abstract
This article describes the secondary operations for cemented carbide parts, namely, diamond grinding, honing, electrical discharge machining, and brazing after sintering to achieve desired results, such as specified size, shape, edge condition, and surface finish.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002152
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... Abstract Superabrasives collectively refer to the diamond and cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasives used in grinding applications. This article discusses the classification of superabrasive wheels according to a variety of sizes and shapes, construction, concentration, and bond systems...
Abstract
Superabrasives collectively refer to the diamond and cubic boron nitride (CBN) abrasives used in grinding applications. This article discusses the classification of superabrasive wheels according to a variety of sizes and shapes, construction, concentration, and bond systems. It provides information on the applications of the superabrasive wheels depending on the factors of the grinding system. These factors include machine tool variables, work material, wheel selection, and operational factors. The article describes the methods available for superabrasive wheel truing in production grinding operations, namely, stationary tool, powered, and form truings. It reviews the truing methods, such as truing with abrasive wheels and hard ceramics, for batch production. The article explains practical methods available for dressing CBN wheels, namely, abrasive stick, abrasive-jet, slurry, and high-pressure waterjet dressing. It concludes with information on the conditioning process of the CBN wheel.
Book Chapter
Superabrasives and Ultrahard Tool Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001106
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... boron nitride compounds are available in the form of grit and sintered polycrystalline blanks of various size, shape, and composition. The article explains how superabrasive grains made from these materials can be used in lapping, polishing, and grinding applications, and how diamond and boron nitride...
Abstract
Synthetic diamond and cubic boron nitride are among a class of superhard materials from the boron-carbon-nitrogen-silicon family of elements. This article focuses on the two materials, the forms in which they are produced, and their respective properties. Synthetic diamond and cubic boron nitride compounds are available in the form of grit and sintered polycrystalline blanks of various size, shape, and composition. The article explains how superabrasive grains made from these materials can be used in lapping, polishing, and grinding applications, and how diamond and boron nitride blanks can be mounted to suitable substrates to form ultrahard cutting edges and tools.
Book Chapter
Final Shaping and Surface Finishing of Ceramics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... and create new surfaces that define a shape. Such energy transfer is usually accomplished through the use of abrasives. Grinding methods used on ceramic components are the most versatile. They usually employ diamond abrasives that are held fixed in a grinding wheel and are applied against the work surface...
Abstract
Ceramics usually require some form of machining prior to use to meet dimensional and surface quality standards. This article focuses on abrasive machining, particularly grinding, and addresses common methods and critical process factors. It covers cylindrical, centerless, and disk grinding and provides information on tooling, wheel selection, work material, and operational factors. It also discusses precision slicing and slotting, lapping, honing, and polishing as well as abrasive waterjet, electrical discharge, laser, and ultrasonic machining.
Book Chapter
Microstructural Characterization of Thermal Spray Coatings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003791
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
...–5.6 200–300 Complementary Paper Water 800- (P2400-) grit SiC Fine grinding, 15–25 20–25 4.5–5.6 200–300 Complementary No/low-nap cloth Lapping oil or extending fluid 3–6 μm diamond Rough polishing, 120–300 20–30 4.5–6.7 100–150 Complementary Synthetic suede None Water (e...
Abstract
This article reviews how process variations influence the characteristics of thermal spray coatings. It describes various specimen preparation techniques, which allow accurate microstructural analysis. These techniques include sectioning, cleaning, mounting, planar grinding, fine grinding, rough polishing, and etching. The article provides information on the problems associated with specimen preparation. It concludes with a discussion on the various methods of analysis for thermal spray coatings.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Grinding and Polishing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003747
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract This article illustrates how objective experiments and comparisons can be used to develop surface preparation procedures for metallographic examination of structural features of metals. These procedures are classified as machining, grinding and abrasion, or polishing. The article...
Abstract
This article illustrates how objective experiments and comparisons can be used to develop surface preparation procedures for metallographic examination of structural features of metals. These procedures are classified as machining, grinding and abrasion, or polishing. The article describes the abrasion artifacts in austenitic steels, zinc, ferritic steels, and pearlitic steels, and other effects of abrasion damages, including flatness of abraded surfaces and embedding of abrasive. Different polishing damages, such as degradation of etching contrast and scratch traces, are reviewed. The article explains the final-polishing processes such as skid polishing, vibratory polishing methods, etch-attack and electromechanical polishing, and polishing with special abrasives. An overview of special polishing techniques for unusual materials such as very hard and very soft materials is provided. The article concludes with a discussion on semiautomatic preparation procedures, providing information on procedures based on the use of diamond abrasives charged in a carrier paste and in a suspension.
Book Chapter
Thermal Aspects of Surface Finishing Processes
Available to PurchaseBook: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001239
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
... particles and their bonding material. The transient temperatures prevailing at the abrasive particle tip during grinding contribute significantly to wheel wear. For example, during grinding with diamond wheels, wheel wear can occur by thermally induced degradation of the bond holding the diamond abrasives...
Abstract
Thermal phenomena play a key role in the mechanics of surface finishing processes. This article provides information on the analysis and measurement of temperatures and associated thermal damage generated by finishing processes that are essential to the production of engineered components with controlled surface properties. Emphasis is placed on kinematically simple configurations of finishing processes, such as surface grinding, flat surface polishing, and lapping.
Book Chapter
Metallographic Techniques in Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0003532
EISBN: 978-1-62708-180-1
... the edge of the surface on the platen during grinding and polishing. This procedure can be used effectively with larger-diameter wheels, if the specimen holder diameter is large, relative to the platen. The use of “hard,” woven or nonwoven, napless surfaces for polishing with diamond abrasives (rather than...
Abstract
This article provides a discussion on the metallographic techniques used for failure analysis, and on fracture examination in materials, with illustrations. It discusses various metallographic specimen preparation techniques, namely, sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and electrolytic polishing. The article also describes the microstructure examination of various materials, with emphasis on failure analysis, and concludes with information on the examination of replicas with light microscopy.
Image
Commercially available diamond grains used in various applications. (a) Fri...
Available to Purchase
in Superabrasives and Ultrahard Tool Materials
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 9 Commercially available diamond grains used in various applications. (a) Friable diamond grains especially tailored for resin bond grinding wheels. (b) Diamond grains tailored for use in metal bond grinding wheels. These grains are typically in the 80 to 400 mesh size (350 to 38 μm
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Book Chapter
Thread Grinding
Available to PurchaseBook: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... of supporting the workpiece, and the method of restoring the cutting contour of the grinding wheel (diamond dressing or truing, or crush truing). Thread grinding machines are sometimes classified as external, internal, or universal. The universal type is capable of grinding both external and internal threads...
Abstract
This article discusses the various elements of thread grinding processes, including thread grinding machines, tolerances, wheel selection, grinding speed, and grinding fluids. It describes truing of grinding wheels and reviews the process applications. In addition, the article describes the five basic methods employed for cylindrical thread grinding, namely, single-rib wheel traverse grinding, multirib wheel traverse grinding, multirib wheel plunge grinding, multirib wheel skip-rib, or alternate-rib, grinding, and multirib wheel three-rib grinding. It also provides an overview of centerless grinding of threads and high-volume applications of thread grinding.
Book: Surface Engineering
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 5
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1994
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v05.a0001282
EISBN: 978-1-62708-170-2
...–1.016 mm (0.03125 in.) (0.030–0.040 in.) Cermet and ceramic coatings require grinding, and many metallic coatings can be more effectively ground than single-point machined. Some coatings can be ground with oxide or silicon carbide wheels, but cubic boron nitride or diamond wheels may...
Abstract
This article introduces thermal spray coatings and describes the various types of coating processes and coating devices, including the flame spray, electric-arc spray, plasma spray, transferred plasma arc, high-velocity oxyfuel, and detonation gun. It provides information on the surface preparation methods and finishing treatments of coated parts. The article also explains the tests to evaluate the coating quality and the effects of coating structures and mechanical properties on coated parts. It concludes with a discussion on the uses of thermal spray coatings.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... diamond core drill or milling tool In ultrasonic impact grinding, an abrasive slurry flows through a gap between the workpiece and the vibrating tool ( Fig. 1 ). Material removal occurs when the abrasive particles, suspended in the slurry, are struck on the downstroke of the vibrating tool...
Abstract
The ultrasonic machining (USM) process consists of two methods, namely, ultrasonic impact grinding and rotary USM. This article lists the major ultrasonic components that are similar to both rotary USM and ultrasonic impact grinding. It also provides schematic representations of the components used in rotary USM and ultrasonic impact grinding. The article describes the operations of the components of the rotary ultrasonic machine and ultrasonic impact grinding machine. It discusses the applications of the rotary ultrasonic machine: drilling, milling, and surface grinding. The article concludes with information on machining characteristics of ultrasonic impact grinding.
Book Chapter
Metallographic Techniques in Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 11
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 January 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v11.a0006765
EISBN: 978-1-62708-295-2
..., napless surfaces for polishing with diamond abrasives (rather than softer cloths, such as canvas, billiard, and felt) maintains flatness. Rigid grinding discs (RGDs) yield surfaces with exceptional flatness. Final polishing with low-nap cloths for short times introduces very little rounding, compared...
Abstract
Metallographic examination is one of the most important procedures used by metallurgists in failure analysis. Typically, the light microscope (LM) is used to assess the nature of the material microstructure and its influence on the failure mechanism. Microstructural examination can be performed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) over the same magnification range as the LM, but examination with the latter is more efficient. This article describes the major operations in the preparation of metallographic specimens, namely sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The influence of microstructures on the failure of a material is discussed and examples of such work are given to illustrate the value of light microscopy. In addition, information on heat-treatment-related failures, fabrication-/machining-related failures, and service failures is provided, with examples created using light microscopy.
Book Chapter
Metallography and Microstructures of Ductile Irons
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006350
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... irons with a hardness >150 HV, the MD-Piano 220 resin-bonded diamond grinding disc can be used. It will be more aggressive than the MD-Primo for ductile irons with a hardness between 150 and 250 HV. A single planar grinding step is adequate before using diamond polishing abrasives. These discs...
Abstract
Metallographic techniques for ductile irons are similar to those for other cast irons but more difficult than for steels, because graphite retention is a challenging task. This article presents recommended procedures to prepare ductile irons. It discusses three contemporary approaches for preparing ductile cast iron specimens with a wide range of phases and constituents as well as variations in graphite morphologies. A wide variety of matrix microstructures can be obtained in ductile irons. Examples are presented using a variety of etchants. Control of the nodularity of graphite in ductile irons is critical to their performance. The article presents details concerning the characterization of the graphite nodules.
Image
Effects of various grinding and polishing stages on the specimen surface. (...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2004
Fig. 11 Effects of various grinding and polishing stages on the specimen surface. (a) The rolling action of diamond particles on a hard lap surface during planar grinding produces a flat specimen with a minimal amount of damage to the coating. (b) During fine grinding, rotating the specimen
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Book Chapter
Rough Grinding and Polishing of Fiber-Reinforced Composite Samples
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0009073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... grinding and polishing disks that can last through the production of thousands of specimens are available and becoming standard in most laboratories that process many samples. These diamond-coated disks, either continuous or discontinuous (patterned), are taking the place of the traditional silicon carbide...
Abstract
Rough grinding and polishing of specimens are required to prepare fiber-reinforced composite samples for optical analysis. This article discusses the consumables, process variables, and the equipment that influence the sample preparation procedure. It describes the hand and automated grinding methods. The article summarizes the rough and final polishing steps for both hand and automated techniques. Common artifacts that may be created during grinding and polishing steps of composite samples are reviewed. These include scratches, fiber pull-out, matrix smears, streaks, erosion of different phases, and fiber and sample edge rounding and relief.
Book: Machining
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 16
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v16.a0002151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-188-7
... no standard of measurement. Fig. 1 Standard marking system for conventional aluminum oxide and silicon carbide abrasive grinding wheels Fig. 2 Standard marking system for diamond (a) and cubic boron nitride (b) superabrasive grinding wheels Abrasive Type and Grit Size In both...
Abstract
Metal is removed from the workpiece by the mechanical action of irregularly shaped abrasive grains in all grinding operations. This article discusses three primary components of grinding wheels, namely, abrasive (the cutting tool), bond (the tool holder), and porosity or air for chip clearance and/or the introduction of coolant. It describes the compositions and applications of coated abrasives and types of grinding fluids, such as petroleum-base and mineral-base cutting oils, water-soluble oils, synthetic fluids, semisynthetic fluids, and water plus additives. The article concludes with information on different types of grinding processes, namely, rough grinding, precision grinding, surface grinding, cylindrical grinding, centerless grinding, internal grinding, and tool grinding.
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