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design for assembly
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... mechanical fastening plastics solvent bonding weld evaluation IN PLASTIC PRODUCT ENGINEERING, the design of a one-piece item for molding is the ideal situation because it precludes an assembly operation. However, mechanical limitations and other considerations often make it necessary to join...
Abstract
This article discusses the classification of the attachment and joining methods in plastics, including mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, solvent bonding, and welding. It describes the mechanical fastening techniques used to join both similar and dissimilar materials with machine screws or bolts, nuts and washers, molded-in threads, self-threading screws, rivets, spring-steel fasteners, press fits, and snap fits. The article explains solvent bonding used for thermoplastic parts, and tabulates the solvent types used with various plastics. It also describes the surface preparation of plastics, chemical treatment for adhesion, and tabulates the adhesive types for bonding plastics to plastics and plastics to nonplastics. The article briefly describes the welding processes of thermoplastics, including fusion welding (hot-tool, hot gas, extrusion, and focused infrared), friction welding (vibration, spin, and ultrasonic), and electromagnetic welding (resistance, induction, dielectric, and microwave). It concludes with the evaluation of welds using destructive and nondestructive testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... unrepairable components, the correct sequence for design is to first locate and size the joints, in fiber patterns optimized for that task, and then fill in the gaps in between. This sequence is a marked departure from normal practice for conventional ductile metal alloys and is necessitated by the relative...
Abstract
The structural efficiency of a composite structure is established by its joints and assembly. Adhesive bonding, mechanical fastening, and fusion bonding are three types of joining methods for polymer-matrix composites. This article provides information on surface treatment and the applications of adhesive bonding. It discusses the types of adhesives, namely, epoxy adhesives, epoxy-phenolic adhesives, condensation-reaction PI adhesives, addition-reaction PI adhesives, bismaleimide adhesives, and structural adhesives. The article provides information on fastener selection considerations, including corrosion compatibility, fastener materials and strength, head configurations, importance of clamp-up, interference fit fasteners, lightning strike protection, blind fastening, and sensitivity to hole quality. Types of fusion bonding are presented, namely, thermal welding, friction welding, electromagnetic welding, and polymer-coated material welding.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003060
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... for evaluation of subsequent geometric configurations and environmental conditions. Fig. 7 Ceramic component probabilistic design methodology Figure 8 depicts the general arrangement of the scroll assembly for gas turbine engines. The basis for establishing design acceptability was three...
Abstract
The design process for ceramic materials is more complex than that of metals because of low-strain tolerance, low fracture toughness and brittleness. The application of structural ceramics to engineering systems hinges on the functional benefits to be derived and is manifested in the conceptual design for acceptable reliability. This article discusses the design considerations for the use of structural ceramics for engineering applications. It describes the conceptual design and deals with fast fracture reliability, lifetime reliability, joints, attachments, interfaces, and thermal shock in detailed design procedure. The article provides information on the proof testing of ceramics, and presents a short note on public domain software that helps determine the reliability of a loaded ceramic component. The article concludes with several design scenarios for gas turbine components, turbine wheels, ceramic valves, and sliding parts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003088
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... challenge in engineering design. Performance specifications, risk and hazard analysis, design process, design for manufacture and assembly, design for quality, reliability in design, and redesign are considered for functional requirements. Life-cycle analysis considers raw-material extraction from the earth...
Abstract
This article describes design factors for products used in engineering applications. The article groups these factors into three categories: functional requirements, analysis of total life cycle, and other major factors. These categories intersect and overlap, constituting a major challenge in engineering design. Performance specifications, risk and hazard analysis, design process, design for manufacture and assembly, design for quality, reliability in design, and redesign are considered for functional requirements. Life-cycle analysis considers raw-material extraction from the earth and product manufacture, use, recycling (including design for recycling), and disposal. The other major factors considered include evaluation of the current state of the art for a given design, designing to codes and standards, and human factors/ergonomics.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... to 5%. Obviously, the design of a vehicle can greatly enhance this dismantling process. Most economical are whole assemblies, such as hoods and deck lids, which use the same material for skins, hinges, and inner panels that can be removed in one piece. Design for recycling also should involve...
Abstract
Product design greatly influences the recycling and reuse of manufacturing materials. This article presents a design for recycling strategy based on ease of disassembly, minimizing process scrap, using readily recyclable materials, and labelling or otherwise identifying parts. It also discusses the concept of life-cycle analysis (LCA), a quantitative accounting of the environmental and economic costs of using a given material and the energy required to make, distribute, operate, and eventually dispose of the host product and its constituent materials. An important but often overlooked step in the LCA process is to identify potential improvement pathways.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009018
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... designed, the undercuts shown in Fig. 12(a) were needed to provide clearance for other components in the assembly. An improved design without undercuts is illustrated in Fig. 12(b) ; however, metal is added and the weight of the casting is increased. Fig. 12 (a) Undercuts required cores as shown...
Abstract
This article begins with a schematic illustration of basic principles of sand molding. It discusses the general design factors, such as parting lines, location of radii, bosses and undercuts, and rib locations, of sand molding. The article schematically demonstrates alternative design solutions to molding and coring problems and describes the molding sequence. Draft refers to the amount of taper given to the sides of a pattern to enable it to be withdrawn easily from the mold. The article concludes with a simple example demonstrating the influence of a casting requirement on the direction of draft.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0003972
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... product. Manufacturing processes are then carried out to provide the product with these specifications. That is, product design provides the specifications for quality performance of the product, and the role of manufacturing is to produce that quality. A necessary step toward successful product...
Abstract
This article reviews the general aspects of product design and provides an overview of the manufacturing processes and their relationship to design, with an emphasis on deformation processes. It discusses the various classes of deformation processes to illustrate their impacts on product design while taking advantage of the benefits of deformation processing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004022
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... pluses and minuses are still valid for present conditions is a more difficult question. The answer lies in the sound understanding of the processing costs and performance metrics, and in knowing the independent design variables that can be tuned. The following sections describe the three basic elements...
Abstract
For forming processes, optimization goals range from tuning the process parameters while keeping geometry unchanged to finding optimal geometry for intermediate dies in a multistage forming operation. This article commences with a description on the three salient steps of optimization procedures: defining the objective function, calculating the objective function, and searching an optimum design. It concludes with an example illustrating the optimization of conical-die extrusion.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009020
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... a powerful influence on the castability of cost-effective castable designs that are economically produced, machined, and assembled into a final product. This six-faceted system (based on four casting properties and two structural properties) is capable of optimizing: Geometry for...
Abstract
In terms of component design, casting offers a great amount of flexibility. This article discusses the parameters that can drive the geometry of casting design from a process standpoint. It provides information on the design of junctions and addresses considerations of secondary operations in design. The article describes the factors that control casting tolerances and provides specific tips for designing castings with uniform wall thickness and unequal sections, designing thin sections, designing for economical coring, designing for functional packaging, and core design principles. The choice of whether a component is best manufactured as welded, assembled, fabricated, forged, machined, or cast is based on the component geometry, production costs, and requirements in application. The article addresses these issues and provides a framework for analyzing all manners of manufacturing as possible conversion candidates. It concludes with a discussion on different metalcasting design projects.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... Abstract The design of forging operations; consisting of dies, fixturing, and parts; requires a consistent and unambiguous method for representing critical dimensions and tolerances. This article presents a dimensioning process, based on tooling points and datum planes, with the potential to...
Abstract
The design of forging operations; consisting of dies, fixturing, and parts; requires a consistent and unambiguous method for representing critical dimensions and tolerances. This article presents a dimensioning process, based on tooling points and datum planes, with the potential to simplify geometries while minimizing tolerance stack-ups. The method also facilitates inspection liaison between vendors and users because fixturing is easy to duplicate and tooling points are consistent from forging to finish-machined part. The article focuses on the most common dimensional tolerances for closed-die forgings, including finish allowances for machining, length and width tolerances, die-wear tolerance, match tolerances, die-closure or thickness tolerances, straightness and flatness tolerances, radii tolerances, flash-extension tolerances, and surface tolerances. It also contains a convenient summary in the form of a checklist.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009014
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... summarizes several strategies for improving the traditional casting design process. It also proposes some possible approaches for implementing these strategies. The article presents a vision for the development of comprehensive casting design guidelines along with specific development objectives...
Abstract
This article focuses on casting design in general and on sand and permanent mold aluminum casting in particular. It examines the casting design process from a variety of design and processing perspectives. Excessive design iterations can adversely impact the casting design. The article summarizes several strategies for improving the traditional casting design process. It also proposes some possible approaches for implementing these strategies. The article presents a vision for the development of comprehensive casting design guidelines along with specific development objectives.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... castings may be designed for function rather than ease of assembly, like built-up structures. Fillet radii are usually generous, decreasing stress concentration factors. Converting a built-up assembly to a casting usually is accompanied by a decrease in part count, assembly time and inventory, and weight...
Abstract
This article provides general guidelines for casting design to provide progressive solidification, minimize heat concentration, eliminate cores, and prevent distortion. Casting design also affects tolerances. Casting tolerances depend on the alloy being poured, the size of the casting, and the molding method used. Designers can predict the effect of the design on the structure of the final part using solidification simulation models, namely finite element and finite difference models, and rapid prototyping. The article concludes with a short note on how the quality is assured in the foundry.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004040
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... as receptacles, for mating members in assembly, serving as locations for fasteners or bearing surfaces, and contributing to a reduction in weight. Functions, as they relate to specific forging designs, are described in examples presented in this article. During the forging of a cavity, metal in the...
Abstract
Machining serves as a more specialized supplement to the forging process, particularly in the formation of cavities and holes. This article provides information on the enclosures, cavities, and holes in hammer and press forgings. It provides a checklist that serves as a guide to the procedure for reviewing the design of cavities and holes to be incorporated in forgings. The article also describes forging designs in which cavities and holes are related to rib and web designs, punchout, piercing, extruding, and combinations of these processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004034
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... (a) a section at the exterior of a forging with the parting line in the central plane and (b) for a section of a forged rib on one side of the parting line Abstract This article schematically illustrates the basic types of drafts used in forging design, including outside draft, inside draft...
Abstract
This article schematically illustrates the basic types of drafts used in forging design, including outside draft, inside draft, blend draft, natural draft, shift draft, and back draft. The amount of draft, or the draft angle, is designated in degrees and is measured from the axis of a hammer or press stroke. The article illustrates the measurement of draft angle by describing the designs of forgings produced in equipment with vertical and horizontal rams. The use of excessive amounts of draft usually results in an increase in overall cost. The article describes various alternatives for reducing or eliminating draft. It provides a checklist citing major items that should be coordinated with a designer's review of draft.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... limits suggested by forging producers and users covering minimum web thicknesses that are producible are helpful in estimating the producibility of a given web thickness in projected-forging design. The article briefly analyzes the web designs of several forgings, including designs for producing flat...
Abstract
The distinction between an unconfined web and a confined web describes the relative ease of flow of metal to flash during forging. This article describes the various types of unconfined and confined web-and-rib combinations encountered in the design of forgings. It informs that the limits suggested by forging producers and users covering minimum web thicknesses that are producible are helpful in estimating the producibility of a given web thickness in projected-forging design. The article briefly analyzes the web designs of several forgings, including designs for producing flat webs, contoured webs, and oblique webs. It provides a checklist to be reviewed by a web designer.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 20
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v20.9781627081948
EISBN: 978-1-62708-194-8
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004038
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... strength and rigidity. Dimensions given in inches Fig. 5 Close-tolerance forging for a pylon bulkhead fitting, with peripheral ribs designed as faying surfaces for fastening to the pylon assembly. Dimensions given in inches Fig. 6 Conventional forging for a cam actuator link fitting...
Abstract
Ribs and bosses are the integral functional elements or features of a forging that project outward from a web in a direction parallel to the ram stroke. This article describes the design, functions, and producibility of ribs and bosses. It relates their design to grain flow, metallurgical structure, measurement details, and design parameters, with supplementary data obtained from the examples of actual forgings.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009015
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... terms of component design, metal casting is very flexible in terms of configuration design. Casting permits the formation of streamlined, intricate, integral parts of strength and rigidity that are not obtainable by other methods of fabrication. For example, the flexibility of metal casting...
Abstract
This article provides a general introduction on casting processes and design. It discusses the process steps and methods of the main categories of shape casting methods, namely, expendable molds with permanent patterns, expendable molds with expendable patterns, and metal or permanent mold processes. The article lists general guidelines of geometry in casting design. It describes the factors, such as mold complexity and casting solidification, in casting design. The solidification of a casting can involve as many as three separate contractions as a result of cooling: liquid-liquid contraction, solid-solid contraction, and liquid-solid contraction. The article discusses the factors influencing the solidification sequence of simple shapes, such as T-sections, X-sections, and L-sections. It also provides an overview of geometric factors that influence heat transfer and transport phenomena. The article concludes with a description of the structure and properties of a casting.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... larger process of bringing new products to market. The name that has been coined for the complete process is the product realization process (PRP). As indicated in Fig. 2 , engineering design takes place approximately between marketing and manufacturing within the total PRP of a firm. Engineering design...
Abstract
Engineering design should result in a product that performs its function efficiently and economically within the prevailing legal, social, safety, and reliability requirements. This introductory article discusses some key considerations in design, material selection, and manufacturing that a materials engineer should take into account to satisfy such requirements. It includes a brief section on concurrent engineering, which companies use to ensure that all needed input is obtained and addressed concurrently throughout the product lifecycle, including material selection and processing, product design, cost analysis, manufacturing, recyclability, and performance.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0009022
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
... the design, or ribs or webs may be added to provide feed paths. The function of ribs or of sections of walls that have been enlarged in providing flow and feed paths for the molten metal as it fills the mold and cools is shown schematically in Fig. 1 . In pouring a flat plate, Fig. 1(a) , the...
Abstract
In many castings, functional requirements dictate that walls be uniform or nearly uniform in thickness. Many problems in producing castings having walls of uniform thickness are associated with the premature freezing of molten metal before all parts of the mold cavity have been filled. This article discusses the design problems and solutions of various castings, such as sand, shell mold, permanent mold, and investment castings, with illustrations.