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Book Chapter
Quantitative Characterization and Representation of Global Microstructural Geometry
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003759
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... features; derived microstructural properties; feature specific size, shape, and orientation distributions; and descriptors of microstructural spatial clustering and correlations. It emphasizes on the practical aspects of the measurement techniques and applications. The article also provides information...
Abstract
The objective of quantitative metallography/stereology is to describe the geometric characteristics of the features. This article discusses the geometric attributes of microstructural features that can be divided into: the numerical extents and the number density of microstructural features; derived microstructural properties; feature specific size, shape, and orientation distributions; and descriptors of microstructural spatial clustering and correlations. It emphasizes on the practical aspects of the measurement techniques and applications. The article also provides information on the quantitative metallographic methods for estimation of volume fraction, total surface area per unit volume, and total length of per unit volume.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005675
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... bonding except glasses coded as 13-93 and its derivatives. This article concentrates on these compositions, examines their differences in processing and structure, describes the chemical and microstructural basis for their differences in physical properties, and relates properties and hard-tissue response...
Abstract
This article focuses on ceramics, glasses, glass-ceramics, and their derivatives, that is, inorganic-organic hybrids, in the forms of solid or porous bodies, oxide layers/coatings, and particles with sizes ranging from nanometers to micrometers, or even millimetres. These include inert crystalline ceramics, porous ceramics, calcium phosphate ceramics, and bioactive glasses. The article discusses the compositions of ceramics and carbon-base implant materials, and examines their differences in processing and structure. It describes the chemical and microstructural basis for their differences in physical properties, and relates the properties and hard-tissue response to particular clinical applications. The article also provides information on the glass or glass-ceramic particles used in cancer treatments.
Book: Composites
Series: ASM Handbook Archive
Volume: 21
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v21.a0003372
EISBN: 978-1-62708-195-5
... the use of a ceramic, preceramic, or metal phase as a fluid or vapor phase reactant to form the matrix. Emphasis is placed on microstructural features that influence ultimate composite properties. ceramic-matrix composites pressure-assisted densification chemical vapor infiltration melt...
Abstract
This article focuses on the process methods and matrix chemistries of ceramic-matrix composites. These methods include pressure-assisted densification, chemical vapor infiltration, melt infiltration, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, and sol-gel processing. The article discusses the use of a ceramic, preceramic, or metal phase as a fluid or vapor phase reactant to form the matrix. Emphasis is placed on microstructural features that influence ultimate composite properties.
Book Chapter
Aluminum P/M Products
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... alloys for structural applications continues because P/M processing provides much finer and homogeneous microstructures, better mechanical properties, and near-net shape parts producibility for aluminum alloys in comparison with ingot metallurgy (I/M). In addition to the conventional blending...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the composition and properties of powder metallurgy (P/M) aluminum powders for pressed and sintered parts. It includes the steps involved in the processing of high-performance P/M alloys. The article describes the classes of high-performance P/M alloys, including corrosion-resistant alloys (stress-corrosion cracking), elevated-temperature alloys, and low density/high-stiffness alloys.
Book Chapter
Computer-Aided Prediction of Mechanical Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 1A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 August 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v01a.a0006307
EISBN: 978-1-62708-179-5
... on component design, metallurgy, and casting method. Factors such as local wall thickness influence the coarseness and type of microstructure that develops, and the material will have local properties dependent on the local metallurgical and thermal history ( Ref 1 ). Simulations of the stress/strain behavior...
Abstract
This article describes a method to predict mechanical properties of cast iron materials and illustrates how to use the predictions in computer-aided tools for the analysis of castings subjected to load. It outlines some ways to predict the hardness and elastic modulus of cast iron without going into dislocation theory. The article discusses modeling of hardness in cast iron based on a regular solution equation in which the properties of each phase depend on chemical composition and coarseness. It describes the evaluation of material parameters from the tensile stress-strain curve. The article concludes with an illustration of a finite-element method (FEM) model containing heterogeneous mechanical properties using local material definitions.
Book Chapter
Modeling of Tensile Properties
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005455
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... Abstract A computational tool would require the contribution of the strengthening mechanisms of metallic material to be predicted and then summed in an appropriate way to derive an estimate of the tensile properties. This article focuses on the modeling of deformation mechanisms pertinent...
Abstract
A computational tool would require the contribution of the strengthening mechanisms of metallic material to be predicted and then summed in an appropriate way to derive an estimate of the tensile properties. This article focuses on the modeling of deformation mechanisms pertinent to structural materials, namely, solid-solution strengthening, age/precipitation hardening, dispersion strengthening, grain size reduction, strengthening from cold work, and strengthening from interfaces. It explains the application of predictive models in the atomistic modeling of dislocation structures and cast aluminum property prediction. The article concludes with information on the use of rules-based approaches and data-mining techniques for quantitative predictions of tensile properties.
Book Chapter
Simulation of Microstructure and Texture Evolution in Aluminum Sheet
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005408
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... Abstract This article explores the potential of through-process simulations of the development of microstructure, texture, and resulting properties during the thermomechanical processing of Al-Mn-Mg alloys, starting from the as-cast ingot to final-gage sheet. It provides an introduction...
Abstract
This article explores the potential of through-process simulations of the development of microstructure, texture, and resulting properties during the thermomechanical processing of Al-Mn-Mg alloys, starting from the as-cast ingot to final-gage sheet. It provides an introduction of the thermomechanical production of aluminum sheet and, in particular, highlights the main effects governing the evolution of microstructure and texture. The simulation tools used to model the evolution of microchemistry, microstructure, and texture upon deformation and recrystallization of aluminum alloys are described. The article discusses the recrystallization behavior of alloy AA 3104 during the interstand times in between two consecutive hot rolling passes with the help of combined microstructure models.
Book Chapter
Materials Basics for the Corrosionist
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13a.a0003711
EISBN: 978-1-62708-182-5
.... In principle, all other properties can be derived from knowledge of these two. The electronic interaction or bonding between the atoms can be determined from knowledge of the chemical elemental composition (the interatomic positions). Composition can be obtained from analytical chemistry (bulk chemical...
Abstract
This article presents an overview of the science and engineering of materials along with suitable definitions, descriptions, and examples for better understanding for corrosionists with limited field knowledge. It begins with a detailed description of various categories of engineering materials and moves into the discussion of physical properties of materials, such as the phases, strength, conductivity, and wear. The article describes the methods used in the fabrication of engineering materials and summarizes the materials and their properties in a tabular form. The article concludes with information on material design, materials applications, and materials failure analysis.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Corrosion of Nonferrous Metals and Specialty Products
Available to PurchaseBook: Corrosion: Materials
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13b.a0003814
EISBN: 978-1-62708-183-2
... properties, for example, high strength-to-weight ratios or high thermal and electrical conductivities. Second, many of the nonferrous metals and alloys possess much higher resistance to corrosion than the steels and stainless steels. In this Section, materials based on the following elements are discussed...
Abstract
Nonferrous metals and alloys are widely used to resist corrosion. This article describes the corrosion behavior of the most widely used nonferrous metals, such as aluminum, copper, nickel, and titanium. It also provides information on several specialty nonferrous products that cannot easily be categorized by elemental base.
Book Chapter
Novel Test Methods
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006971
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
..., epitaxial grain growth leading to anisotropic microstructures. Furthermore, build volume property variation (heterogeneity) and process variation (due to machine-to-machine or feedstock-to-feedstock variation, for example) all require evaluation before AM can be implemented with confidence. Additive...
Abstract
This article discusses several alternative mechanical test approaches that can be applied to additive manufacturing (AM) materials, both for smaller-scale assessments and for specimens that have been extracted from an AM component. This includes small punch testing, shear punch testing, and small ring testing.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0009013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
... along the center of the product. Cavitation in aluminum cannot be physically modeled because it is caused by accommodation of a microstructural phenomenon—grain-boundary sliding. A third type of problem relates to poor properties of the product itself, which arise from inadequate microstructure...
Abstract
Thermomechanical are used to gain insight into the causes of problems that arise during a given thermomechanical process. This article provides examples to demonstrate how significant the parameters were selected for specific tests. It examines the types of problems that can occur during a thermomechanical process. The article provides information on the thermophysical properties, which include specific heat, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal conductivity/diffusivity, and density. It concludes with examples that illustrate how the various considerations in testing are successfully used to solve practical thermomechanical processing problems.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... (the kinetics of microstructure change) is to define a total energy of the system and derive the kinetics along the steepest descent path of the total energy with respect to these degrees of freedom. Formally, the total energy is written as: (Eq 1) E = E [ ϕ ( r , t ) ] Since...
Abstract
This article discusses the fundamental aspects of phase-field microstructure modeling. It describes the evolution of microstructure modeling, including nucleation, growth, and coarsening. The article reviews two approaches used in the modeling nucleation of microstructure: the Langevin force approach and explicit nucleation algorithm. Calculation of activation energy and critical nucleus configuration is discussed. The article presents the deterministic phase-field kinetic equations for modeling growth and coarsening of microstructure. It also describes the material-specific model inputs, chemical free energy and kinetic coefficients, for phase-field microstructure modeling. The article provides four examples that illustrate some aspects of phase-field modeling.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Integrated Weld Modeling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22B
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22b.a0005524
EISBN: 978-1-62708-197-9
... will be used by material models to predict the microstructure evolution and its impact on transient mechanical (σ-ε relations) properties. The transient changes in temperature and mechanical properties will be fed into a finite-element structural model to predict plastic strain distribution. This information...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of integrated weld modeling and presents strategic goals for the welding industry. It discusses the fundamentals of the underlying physics and the methodologies to solve the same. The article presents the pioneering work done to predict the heat-affected zone and weld metal microstructure in the early 1980s and 1990s. Applications of computational thermodynamics and kinetics tools to weld metal microstructure prediction for liquid-gas reactions and liquid-slag reactions that happen as a function of high-to-low temperature during fusion welding are discussed. The article also includes a brief discussion on weldability prediction, residual stress prediction, and distortion prediction. It concludes with information on the use of optimization methodologies.
Book Chapter
Process Optimization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24A.a0006994
EISBN: 978-1-62708-439-0
.... , Khodabakhshi F. , Khajepour A. , and Gerlich A.P. , Closed-Loop Control of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Additive Manufacturing by Directed Energy Deposition , Mater. Sci. Eng. A , Vol 803 , Jan 2021 , p 140483 , 10.1016/j.msea.2020.140483 22. Özerkan H.B...
Abstract
Process optimization is the discipline of adjusting a process to optimize a specified set of parameters without violating engineering constraints. This article reviews data-driven optimization methods based on genetic algorithms and stochastic models and demonstrates their use in powder-bed fusion and directed energy deposition processes. In the latter case, closed-loop feedback is used to control melt pool temperature and cooling rate in order to achieve desired microstructure.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 22A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v22a.a0005437
EISBN: 978-1-62708-196-2
... in solidification, focusing in particular on microstructure formation. Balance Equations The derivation of the general forms of the balance equations is given in Ref 1 and 2 . Instead, a shorter form is presented here that begins with the general balance equations and then specializes them using common...
Abstract
This article presents the governing equations for moving a solidification front, based on the balance of mass, momentum, energy, and solute. It reviews how material properties and geometry can be analyzed in the context of the governing equations. The article provides several example problems that illustrate how the hierarchy of time and length scales associated with transport leads to the important features of cast microstructures. It includes equations for estimating microsegregation in cast alloys.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Integrated Weld Modeling
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06a.a0005561
EISBN: 978-1-62708-174-0
... that will simulate temperature distributions in three dimensions [ T = f { x, y, z , time}] as a function of process parameters and time. Thermal cycle data will be used by material models to predict the microstructure evolution and its impact on transient mechanical (σ-ε relations) properties. The transient...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of integrated weld modeling and discusses the fundamentals of the underlying physics and methodologies involved in process modeling. It presents approaches for microstructure modeling that help to predict phase fractions as well as grain size in the heat-affected zone and weld metal region as a function of alloy composition and thermal cycles. The article discusses the uses of computational thermodynamic and kinetic tools. It describes the concept of performance modeling, whose goal relates to the prediction of weldability, geometrical distortion, and/or locked-in residual stress as a function of material, restraint, process, and process parameters as well as service temperature. Finally, the article presents a case study, evaluating the use of X-65 steels using the E-WeldPredictor tool.
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005208
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., and the microstructure formation. interface normal vector is n*. (The subscripts s Sv and L are used throughout to refer to the solid Balance Equations and liquid, respectively, and the superscript Áwhere f = s n is the external traction force indicates quantities on the liquid-solid interface.) The derivation...
Abstract
This article begins with balance equations for mass, momentum, energy, and solute and the necessary boundary conditions for solving problems of interest in casting and solidification. The transport phenomena cover a vast range of length and time scales, from atomic dimensions up to macroscopic casting size and from nanoseconds for interface attachment kinetics to hours for casting solidification. The article describes how to determine which phenomena are most important at the particular length and time scale for the problem. It concludes with several examples of the application of transport phenomena in solidification, focusing on microstructure formation.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 9
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v09.a0003732
EISBN: 978-1-62708-177-1
... Abstract Spinodal transformation is a phase-separation reaction that occurs from kinetic behavior. This article discusses the theory of spinodal decomposition, and outlines the methods used in the characterization of spinodal structures in metal matrices. microstructure spinodal...
Abstract
Spinodal transformation is a phase-separation reaction that occurs from kinetic behavior. This article discusses the theory of spinodal decomposition, and outlines the methods used in the characterization of spinodal structures in metal matrices.
Book Chapter
Models for Predicting Microstructural Evolution
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Handbook
Volume: 14A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v14a.a0004027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-185-6
.... 1 as insight and accuracy. In fact, the first type of modeling illustrated on the extreme left did not consider microstructure directly, but from analysis of data on process variables and their effects on product attributes (dimensions, surface finish) and properties (strength, ductility, toughness...
Abstract
The systematic study of microstructural evolution during deformation under hot working conditions is important in controlling processing variables to achieve dimensional accuracy. This article explains the microstructural features that need to be modeled and provides an outline of the principles and achievements of each of the various microstructural models, including black-box modeling, gray-box modeling, white-box modeling, and hybrid modeling.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
.... The article reviews the benefits and disadvantages as well as the effect of processing on the properties and material microstructure of these alloys. It contains tables that list the mechanical properties of various iron-copper and copper steels. admixed elemental alloys alloying copper steels copper...
Abstract
This article summarizes the general classification, mechanical properties, and applications of ferrous powder metallurgy (PM) materials for parts production. It discusses four principal ferrous PM alloy types: admixed elemental alloys, diffusion alloys, prealloys, and hybrid alloys. The article reviews the benefits and disadvantages as well as the effect of processing on the properties and material microstructure of these alloys. It contains tables that list the mechanical properties of various iron-copper and copper steels.
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