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deoxidation
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Image
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 21 Effects of deoxidation practice on notch toughness. Charpy V-notch impact energy varies with temperature for (a) rimmed, (b) semikilled, and (c) killed plain carbon steels.
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Image
Published: 31 October 2011
Fig. 1 Deoxidation equilibria in liquid iron alloys at 1600 °C (2910 °F). The broken lines show deoxidation equilibria predicted by solubility product calculations. The solid lines show experimentally determined soluble oxygen concentrations for various deoxidants. The experimental deviation
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Image
Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 8 Deoxidation equilibria in liquid iron alloys at 1600 °C (2910 °F). Source: Ref 17
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Published: 01 December 1998
Fig. 37 Effects of deoxidation practice on notch toughness. Charpy V-notch impact energy varies with temperature for (a) rimmed, (b) semikilled, and (c) killed plain carbon steels.
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Published: 01 January 1993
Fig. 1 Deoxidation equilibria in liquid iron alloys at 1600 °C (2910 °F). The broken lines show deoxidation equilibria predicted by solubility product calculations. The solid lines show experimentally determined soluble oxygen concentrations for various deoxidants. The experimental deviation
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Image
in Physical Metallurgy Concepts in Interpretation of Microstructures
> Metallography and Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 26 Effect of austenite grain size on pearlite in 0.4% C aluminum deoxidized steel (0.4C-0.19Si-0.73Mn, wt%) after austenitization and isothermal transformation at 695 °C (1280 °F). (a) Austenitized at 840 °C (1550 °F) ASTM grain No. 7. (b) Austenitized at 950 °C (1740 °F), ASTM grain size
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 12 Effect of deoxidizers on the solubility of oxygen in liquid iron and nickel at 1600 °C (2912 °F). Source: Ref 6
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Published: 01 December 2008
Fig. 22 Deoxidant efficiency in copper alloy melts. Source: Ref 19
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in Properties of Precious Metals
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 27 Tensile properties of cold-drawn deoxidized palladium as a function of annealing temperature. Annealing time was 5 min.
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Image
Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 13 Alloy C12200 (deoxidized high-phosphorus copper), continuously cast in a 102 mm (4 in.) diameter ingot. Top, transverse section showing radial grain growth. Bottom, longitudinal section. Dark center is columnar grains oriented along the axis of the ingot. Waterbury reagent was used
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 14 The same C12200 (deoxidized high-phosphorus copper) continuously cast alloy in a 102 mm (4 in.) diameter ingot as in Figure 13 Section taken near the ingot surface normal to the radial grain growth. The structure is coarse, unbranched dendrites. Waterbury reagent was used, which has
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 15 The same C12200 (deoxidized high-phosphorus copper) continuously cast alloy in a 102 mm (4 in.) diameter ingot as in Fig. 14 Section taken near the ingot core normal to the radial grain growth. The dendrite structure is much finer than in Fig. 14 . Waterbury reagent was used, which
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Published: 01 December 2004
Fig. 16 Copper C12200 (deoxidized high-phosphorus copper). Internal oxidation (presence of dark dots of P 2 O 5 ). Etchant 4, Table 2 . 75×
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in Chromate and Chromate-Free Conversion Coatings
> Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection
Published: 01 January 2003
Fig. 13 (a) (b) Structure of the surface oxide after treatment of deoxidized 2024-T3 in Alodine 2000 at 60 °C (140 °F) for 10 min followed by sealing in Deoxylyte NC 200. (b) In the Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy inset, the black is the cobalt step and the gray is cobalt and vanadium
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in Elevated-Temperature Properties of Ferritic Steels
> Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 15 Predicted 10 5 -h creep-rupture strengths of carbon steel with (a) coarse-grain deoxidation practice and (b) fine-grain deoxidation practice. Source: Ref 24
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Published: 01 January 1989
Fig. 21 Wear of the tool rake surface after cutting different DIN CK-45 (UNS G10450) steels. (a) CaSi-deoxidized steel. Cutting time, 100 min; crater wear ratio, 0. (b) FeSi-deoxidized steel. Cutting time, 20 min; crater wear ratio, 0.28. Source: Ref 21
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 4E
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v04e.a0006278
EISBN: 978-1-62708-169-6
... deoxidizers. The most important characteristic of copper is electrical conductivity, and considerable attention is paid to the effect of impurities on the electrical conductivity of copper. However, some elements have only a slight effect on conductivity ( Fig. 1 ), and small amounts can be added...
Abstract
Cast and wrought coppers can be strengthened by cold working. This article provides information on minor alloying elements, such as beryllium, silicon, nickel, tin, zinc, and chromium, used to strengthen copper. It details annealing and recrystallization and grain growth characteristics of copper. The article also discusses the tensile-stress-relaxation behavior of selected types of copper wires.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
.... Converter metallurgy includes melt refinement in AOD vessels and vacuum oxygen decarburization in a converter vessel. Ladle metallurgy refers to melt treatments in a ladle refining station after melting in the furnace/converter unit. Ladle metallurgy is used for deoxidation, decarburization, and adjustment...
Abstract
This article discusses the most common methods of melting steels, namely, electric arc and induction melting. It describes the classification of refractories by an index of the “basicity” of the slag formed on the steel surface. The article provides a discussion on the converter metallurgy, which includes melt refinement in argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) vessels and vacuum oxygen decarburization (VODC) in a converter vessel. It also discusses ladle metallurgy, which includes vacuum induction degassing, vacuum oxygen decarburization, and vacuum ladle degassing.
Book Chapter
Book: Casting
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 15
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v15.a0005303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-187-0
..., deoxidation, grain refining, and filtration. The article provides a discussion on these melt treatments for group I to III alloys. It describes the three categories of furnaces for melting copper casting alloys: crucible furnaces, open-flame furnaces, and induction furnaces. The article explains the important...
Abstract
This article describes the casting characteristics and practices of copper and copper alloys. It discusses the melting and melt control of copper alloys, including various melt treatments to improve melt quality. These treatments include fluxing and metal refining, degassing, deoxidation, grain refining, and filtration. The article provides a discussion on these melt treatments for group I to III alloys. It describes the three categories of furnaces for melting copper casting alloys: crucible furnaces, open-flame furnaces, and induction furnaces. The article explains the important factors that influence the selection of a casting method. It discusses the production of copper alloy castings. The article concludes with information on the gating and feeding systems used in production of copper alloy castings.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02a.a0006489
EISBN: 978-1-62708-207-5
... these imperfections during etching. The effects of oxides, rolled-in dirt, and many other surface contaminants can be reduced by deoxidizing the work prior to etching. This can be accomplished by using a strong acid cleaner prior to alkaline etching or by using a standard deoxidizer. In the past, a solution of 2 to 4...
Abstract
Etching aluminum can be a pretreatment step for anodizing, chemical conversion coating, metal-to-rubber bonding, and a host of other processes. Chemical etching, using either alkaline or acid solutions, produces a matte finish on aluminum products. This article describes the alkaline etching and acid etching of aluminum. Alkaline etching reduces or eliminates surface scratches, nicks, extrusion die lines, and other imperfections. Acid etching can be done without heavy smut problems, particularly on aluminum die castings. Hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, nitric, phosphoric, chromic, and sulfuric acids are used in acid etching. The article presents a flow chart of the operations used in acid etching.
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