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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... Abstract This article describes dental alloy compositions and its properties. It discusses the safety and efficacy considerations of dental alloy devices. The article defines and compares interstitial fluid and oral fluid environments. Artificial solutions developed for the testing...
Abstract
This article describes dental alloy compositions and its properties. It discusses the safety and efficacy considerations of dental alloy devices. The article defines and compares interstitial fluid and oral fluid environments. Artificial solutions developed for the testing and evaluation of dental materials are summarized. The article examines the effects of restoration contact on electrochemical parameters and reviews the concentration cells developed by dental alloy-environment electrochemical reactions. The composition and characterization of biofilms, corrosion products, and other debris that deposit on dental material surfaces are discussed. The article evaluates the types of alloys available for dental applications, including direct filling alloys, crown and bridge alloys, partial denture alloys, porcelain fused to metal alloys, wrought wire alloys, soldering alloys, and implant alloys. The effects of composition and microstructure on the corrosion of each alloy group are also discussed. The article concludes with information on the tarnishing and corrosion behavior of these alloys.
Image
Published: 01 January 1986
Fig. 9 Examples of x-ray scans of a dental alloy. (a) Specimen current image. (b) Ag Lα. (c) Hg Mα. (d) Sn Lα. Source: Ref 6
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Image
in Properties of Precious Metals
> Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials
Published: 01 January 1990
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... alloys, type metals, copper alloys, dental alloys, cast irons, titanium alloys, and zirconium alloys. Finally, it presents a short note on the applications of tin powder and corrosion resistance of tin. applications of tin powder corrosion resistance electroplating hot dip coatings production...
Abstract
Tin is a soft, brilliant white, low-melting metal that is most widely known and characterized in the form of coating. This article discusses the primary and secondary production of tin and explains the uses of tin in coating, namely tinplating, electroplating, and hot dip coatings. It presents a short note on pure (unalloyed) tin and uses of tin in chemicals. The article also covers the compositions and uses of tin alloys which include solders, pewter, bearing alloys, alloys for organ pipes, and fusible alloys. It goes on to discuss the other alloys containing tin including battery grid alloys, type metals, copper alloys, dental alloys, cast irons, titanium alloys, and zirconium alloys. Finally, it presents a short note on the applications of tin powder and corrosion resistance of tin.
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003168
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... corrosion rate usually must be less than 0.01 mil/year (0.00025 mm/year). For comprehensive discussions of corrosion testing procedures and results, see the articles “Corrosion of Metallic Implants and Prosthetic Devices” and “Tarnish and Corrosion of Dental Alloys” in Corrosion , Volume 13 of the ASM...
Abstract
Biomaterials are the man-made metallic, ceramic, and polymeric materials used for intracorporeal applications in the human body. This article primarily focuses on metallic materials. It provides information on basic metallurgy, biocompatibility, chemistry, and the orthopedic and dental applications of metallic biomaterials. A table compares the mechanical properties of some common implant materials with those of bone. The article also provides information on coatings, ceramics, polymers, composites, cements, and adhesives, especially where they interact with metallic materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 2
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1990
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v02.a0001087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-162-7
... to the application, are largely unknown except to the users. Many facets of daily life and influenced by precious metals and their alloys. For example, precious metals are used in dental restorations and dental fillings (see the section “Precious Metals in Dentistry” in this article). Precious metal solders...
Abstract
Precious metals are of inestimable value to modern civilization. This article discusses the resources and consumption, trade practices, and special properties of precious metals and its alloys, including ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, and gold, and tabulates the industrial applications of precious metals. It provides information on the commercial forms (wire, rod, sheet, strip, ribbon, and foil) and uses of precious metals, including semifinished products, precious metal powders, industrial uses, coatings, and jewelry.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005670
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... on the ancient history of noble and precious metal use in dentistry is provided. The article discusses the use of direct gold dental filling materials, direct silver dental filling materials, traditional amalgam alloys, high-copper amalgam alloys, and gallium alloys in biomedical applications. It also provides...
Abstract
This article focuses on the use of noble and precious metals for biomedical applications. These include gold, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhodium, iridium, and osmium. The physical and mechanical properties of noble and precious metals are presented in tables. A brief discussion on the ancient history of noble and precious metal use in dentistry is provided. The article discusses the use of direct gold dental filling materials, direct silver dental filling materials, traditional amalgam alloys, high-copper amalgam alloys, and gallium alloys in biomedical applications. It also provides information on gold coatings and iridium oxide coatings for stents.
Image
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 2 Gold alloy dental crowns. (a) Three-quarter crown, which covers three surfaces of a tooth. (b) Full crown, which covers the entire tooth. These types of restorations as well as bridgework (multiple crowns) are made from gold alloys containing 40 to 78 wt% Au. Source: J.F. Jelenko
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Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006899
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... and wear resistance and mechanical properties. Even though many metals are present in nature, only a few are biocompatible and can be used to create dental products ( Ref 24 ). The three most commonly used metals are stainless steel alloys, titanium alloys, and cobalt alloys. Stainless steel alloys...
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), also referred to as three-dimensional printing or rapid prototyping, is a set of technologies that has rapidly evolved and has drawn much research attention in the manufacturing of high value-added products. This article focuses on dentistry, one of the fields in which AM has gained much traction. It discusses the AM processes used to produce dentures, crowns, and bridges. Digitization techniques, which are the first step and provide the CAD model for AM processes, are presented. Scanning technologies that are widely used in dental manufacturing are presented in detail, and the strengths and weaknesses of each process within their applications are discussed. AM processes are discussed in detail, and the materials that are widely used in AM-embedded dental manufacturing are briefly surveyed. The final section concludes with remarks and a preview of future research and practice directions.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... 5. Rodriguez P. , Mostafaei A. , and Chmielus M. , Binder Jet Additive Manufacturing of Dental Material from Cobalt-Chrome Alloy , 2019 Ingenium: Undergraduate Research at the Swanson School of Engineering , Vol 4 , 2019 , p 63 – 67 6. Shin J.C. , Doh J.M...
Abstract
Traditional processing methods for the part production of Co-Cr alloys include casting, powder metallurgy, and metal forming. However, the steps involved during materials processing followed by metal forming and machining are time consuming and fraught with processing variables. Three-dimensional (3D) printing enables rapid evolution in design, personalization, and so on. This article presents a brief description of some common additive manufacturing (AM) processes for the production of cobalt alloy parts, and provides a comparison between AM and conventional processing methods. The discussion is centered on process-microstructure-properties correlation in additively manufactured cobalt alloys and applications of these alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23.a0005677
EISBN: 978-1-62708-198-6
... composition or microstructure of some typical dental materials susceptible to wear and friction Table 1 Simplified composition or microstructure of some typical dental materials susceptible to wear and friction Material Simplified composition or microstructure Alloys Alloy crown Au-Ag-Cu...
Abstract
This article reviews friction and wear of various dental materials that have been studied by fundamental wear measurements, simulated service wear measurements, and clinical measurements. The materials include dental amalgam, composite restorative materials, pit and fissure sealants, dental cements, porcelain and plastic denture teeth, dental feldspathic porcelain and ceramics, endodontic instruments, periodontal instruments, and orthodontic wires. The article describes the correlations of properties such as the hardness, fracture toughness, and wear. It provides information on wear mechanism such as the sliding adhesive wear, two-body abrasion, three-body abrasion, erosion, and fatigue.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003150
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
...% of silver consumed is used for such applications as brazing alloys, dental and medical products, catalysts, bearings, mirrors, and coins, medallions, and other commemorative objects. Gold The United States is the second leading producer of gold worldwide. Some 325 metric tonnes of gold were mined...
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006901
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... are nonprecious alloy crowns and bridges, partial denture metal frames, orthodontic jaw expanders, and custom dental space maintainers ( Fig. 3 ). Fig. 3 Orthodontic upper jaw expander. The frame of this appliance was designed in a digital software program and 3D printed using a metal sintering printer...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the adoption of additively manufactured materials in dentistry. It discusses the practical workflows of a three-dimensional printing technology, vat photopolymerization. Three subgroups of the vat photopolymerization process are laser beam or classic stereolithography apparatus (SLA), direct light processing, and liquid-crystal-display-masked SLA. The article covers two subgroups of 3D printing resins-based appliances, namely intraoral and extraoral appliances. Information on various types of dental appliances and the fabrication of in-office appliances is provided. The article also reviews fourth-dimension printing and discusses the applications of the personalized care model in medicine and dentistry.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006556
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... the growth of precious metal powder manufacturing. There are currently five companies in the United States and at least five companies in Europe with atomization capacity specifically for precious metal AM powder ( Ref 14 ). The guidelines for alloys used in dental applications are governed by the U.S...
Abstract
The additive manufacturing technologies in the casting of precious metals are divided into two groups: indirect metal methods and direct metal methods. Besides providing a process overview of both of these methods, the focus of this article is on the characteristics, process steps, applications, and advantages of direct metal methods, namely laser melting, material extrusion, binder jetting, material jetting, and vat photopolymerization methods.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006853
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
..., titanium and later titanium alloys became the materials of choice for dental implants in the replacement of teeth ( Ref 1 ). One of the most frequently cited advantages of ceramics in dentistry relates to aesthetics, and the same applies for dental implants ( Ref 2 ). With titanium implants, a thin soft...
Abstract
One of the most frequently cited advantages of ceramics in dentistry relates to aesthetics, and the same applies for dental implants. Zirconia has emerged as the material of choice for nonmetal implants. This article introduces the reader to zirconia as an implant material, its properties, manufacturing processes, and the particular surface modifications and treatments that have rendered its surfaces biologically compatible with peri-implant soft and hard tissues.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 13C
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v13c.a0004208
EISBN: 978-1-62708-184-9
... cracking (SCC). It discusses some of the mechanical and electrochemical phenomena related to the in vivo degradation of materials used for biomedical applications. These materials include stainless steels, cobalt and titanium-base alloy systems, and dental amalgam. The article addresses key issues related...
Abstract
This article provides information on biomedical aspects such as active biological responses and the chemical environment characterizing the internal physiological milieu, as well as electrochemical fundamentals needed for characterizing corrosion fatigue (CF) and stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). It discusses some of the mechanical and electrochemical phenomena related to the in vivo degradation of materials used for biomedical applications. These materials include stainless steels, cobalt and titanium-base alloy systems, and dental amalgam. The article addresses key issues related to the simulation of the in vivo environment, service conditions, and data interpretation. The factors influencing susceptibility to CF and SCC are reviewed. The article describes the testing methodology of CF and SCC. It also summarizes findings from laboratory testing, in vivo testing and retrieval studies related to CF and SCC.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 23A
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 12 September 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v23A.a0006889
EISBN: 978-1-62708-392-8
... THE COBALT-CHROMIUM (CoCr) ALLOY was first discovered by the American inventor and metallurgist Elwood Haynes in the early 1900s. The alloy displayed promising oxidation and corrosion resistance even when exposed to boiling nitric acid ( Ref 1 ). Since then, the alloy has been used in dental and orthopedic...
Abstract
This article discusses some of the additive manufacturing (AM) based fabrication of alloys and their respective mechanical, electrochemical, and in vivo performance. Firstly, it briefly discusses the three AM techniques that are most commonly used in the fabrication of metallic biomedical-based devices: binder jetting, powder-bed fusion, and directed-energy deposition. The article then characterizes the electrochemical properties of additive-manufactured/processed cobalt-chromium alloys. This is followed by sections providing an evaluation of the biological response to CoCr alloys in terms of the material and 3D printing fabrication. Discussion on the biological response as a function of direct cellular activity on the surface of CoCr alloys in static conditions (in vitro), in dynamic physiological conditions (in vivo), and in computer-simulated conditions (in silico) are further discussed in detail. Finally, the article provides information on the qualification and certification of AM-processed medical devices.
Image
Published: 01 January 1990
Fig. 1 Different classes of inlay preparation. Classes I and II involve one or two surfaces of a posterior tooth. The restorations can be made of a soft gold alloy (80Au-10Ag-9Cu-1Pd), but are usually made of silver amalgam. Alternate materials are either composite resin or dental porcelain
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Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.mhde2.a0003120
EISBN: 978-1-62708-199-3
... Abstract Superalloys are nickel, iron-nickel, and cobalt-base alloys generally used for high-temperature applications. Superalloys are used in aircraft, industrial, marine gas turbines, nuclear reactors, spacecraft structures, petrochemical production, orthopedic and dental prostheses...
Abstract
Superalloys are nickel, iron-nickel, and cobalt-base alloys generally used for high-temperature applications. Superalloys are used in aircraft, industrial, marine gas turbines, nuclear reactors, spacecraft structures, petrochemical production, orthopedic and dental prostheses, and environmental protection applications. This article discusses the material characteristics, phases, structures, and systems of superalloys. It describes the processing of superalloys, including primary and secondary melting, deformation processing (conversion), powder processing, investment casting, and joining methods. The article also describes the properties, microstructure, and thermal exposure of superalloys. It further discusses the effects of environmental factors on superalloys, including oxidation and hot corrosion. Protective coatings are also discussed. The article provides information on the mechanical properties and chemical composition of nickel, iron, and cobalt-base superalloys in both the cast and wrought forms.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 6
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1993
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v06.a0001454
EISBN: 978-1-62708-173-3
... by the substitution of nickel for some of the copper in the alloy. Dental materials may contain any of the precious metals in almost any combination. It is not unusual to find a dental casting material that is composed of gold, silver, platinum, palladium, iridium, and/or other precious or nonprecious metals...
Abstract
Copper, copper alloys, and precious metals are probably the most easily brazed metals because of their resistance to oxidation at high temperatures. This article provides a brief discussion on the metallurgy of copper, copper alloys, and precious metals and discusses the filler metals, brazing fluxes, joint clearance and design, and different brazing processes used in brazing of copper, copper alloys, and precious metals.