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densification
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Desk Editions
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.emde.a0003054
EISBN: 978-1-62708-200-6
... such as reaction sintering and self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis. It also describes several pressure densification methods, including hot isostatic pressing, gas pressure sintering, molten particle deposition, and sol-gel processing. The article concludes with a section on grain growth that discusses...
Abstract
Sintering provides the interparticle bonding that generates the attractive forces needed to hold together the otherwise loose ceramic powder mass. It also improves hardness, strength, transparency, toughness, electrical conductivity, thermal expansion, magnetic saturation, corrosion resistance, and other properties. This article discusses the fundamentals of sintering and its effects on pore structures and particle density. It addresses some of the more common sintering methods, including solid-state, liquid-phase, and gas pressure sintering, and presents alternative processes such as reaction sintering and self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis. It also describes several pressure densification methods, including hot isostatic pressing, gas pressure sintering, molten particle deposition, and sol-gel processing. The article concludes with a section on grain growth that discusses the underlying mechanisms and kinetics and the relationship between grain growth and densification.
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 3 Densification of copper compacts as a function of temperature and time. Source: Ref 7
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 4 Sintering densification parameter versus sintering time for tungsten compacts sintered at 2100 °C (3810 °F). D s is sintered density; D g is green density; D t is theoretical density. 3N tungsten powder with particle sizes (FSSS) of 2.15 μm and 4.05 μm. Source: Ref 7
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 7 (a) Combination of direct powder process with hot rolling densification. (b) Microstructure of green titanium strip. (c) Microstructure of consolidated strip. Source: Ref 21
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 15 Densification curves for 98% W-1% Ni-1% Fe powder compact with different tungsten particle sizes (1 μm and 5 μm) during heating and isothermal sintering at 1460 °C (2660 °F). Source: Ref 110
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 19 Schematic diagram comparing the effects of solubility on densification or swelling during liquid-phase sintering. Source: Ref 105
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 24 (a) Idealized two-sphere model for densification by contact flattening. (b) Schematic diagram illustrating densification accompanied by Ostwald ripening. Grain shape accommodation can also occur when the liquid volume fraction is low.
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 30 The conceptual outline of supersolidus liquid-phase sintering densification for three particles: (a) initial particle packing, (b) formation of initial liquid with insufficient wetting of grain boundaries for densification, (c) viscous flow densification of semisolid particles, and (d
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Published: 30 September 2015
Fig. 7 Hot isostatic pressing densification maps for a nickel-base superalloy powder having a particle diameter of 50 µm (2 mils). (a) Density as a function of pressure (pressure expressed as the log of the ratio of applied hydrostatic pressure over flow stress) when processed at constant
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Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 30 Various proposed preform profiles for densification of a powder metallurgy gear
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Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 31 Densification due to cogging of powder metallurgy gear teeth as predicted by finite-element modeling for the profiles shown in Fig. 30
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Published: 01 January 2001
Fig. 4 Typical carbon-carbon densification process. Source: Ref 16
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in Effects of Composition, Processing, and Structure on Properties of Ceramics and Glasses
> Materials Selection and Design
Published: 01 January 1997
Fig. 7 Progressive densification and grain growth at several stages of sintering: (a) initial stage, (b) intermediate stage, (c) final stage, and (d) fracture surface. The fracture surface micrograph shows the desirable placement of spherical pores on grain boundaries in the final stage
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Published: 01 November 1995
Fig. 11 Schematic diagram showing grain growth, densification, and coarsening kinetics vs. reciprocal temperature. Temperature ranges suitable for rate-controlled sintering and fast firing are indicated.
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Published: 01 November 1995
Fig. 12 Role of densification during liquid-phase sintering as a function of rearrangement, solution precipitation, and final pore removal. (a) Schematic of typical microstructure and pore size of three stages of liquid-phase sintering. (b) Plot of densification versus sintering time for Al 2
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Published: 01 November 1995
Fig. 9 Typical carbon-carbon densification process. Source: Ref 59
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in Additive Manufacturing of Tungsten, Molybdenum, and Cemented Carbides
> Additive Manufacturing Processes
Published: 15 June 2020
Fig. 2 Contour maps showing the effect of power and scan speed on densification of (a) tungsten and (b) molybdenum. Source: Ref 11
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Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... Abstract This article discusses continuum modeling, which is the most relevant approach in modeling grain growth, densification, and deformation during sintering. Continuum plasticity models are frequently used to describe the mechanical response of metal powders during compaction. The article...
Abstract
This article discusses continuum modeling, which is the most relevant approach in modeling grain growth, densification, and deformation during sintering. Continuum plasticity models are frequently used to describe the mechanical response of metal powders during compaction. The article illustrates the typical procedure for computer simulation for press and sinter process. It describes the procedure to obtain the material properties based on the generalized Shima-Oyane model. The article presents a wide variety of tests, accounting for data on the grain growth, densification, and distortion where these data help in the development of a constitutive model for sintering simulation. Finally, the article provides information on the simulation approaches used to optimize die compaction and sintering.
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 24
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 15 June 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v24.a0006621
EISBN: 978-1-62708-290-7
... Abstract This article focuses on a study that was performed to understand the effects of powder attributes; process parameters; and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment on the densification, mechanical and corrosion properties, and microstructures of 17-4 PH stainless steel gas- and water...
Abstract
This article focuses on a study that was performed to understand the effects of powder attributes; process parameters; and hot isostatic pressing (HIP) treatment on the densification, mechanical and corrosion properties, and microstructures of 17-4 PH stainless steel gas- and water-atomized laser-powder bed fusion (LPBF) parts at various energy densities. The results from the study showed the strong dependence of densification, mechanical properties, and microstructures on temperature, pressure, and time during the HIP cycle. The density, ultimate tensile strength, hardness and yield strength of gas and water-atomized LPBF parts increased due to HIP treatment and were higher than as-printed properties. The results also confirmed superior corrosion performance of the HIP treated LPBF parts.
Book: Powder Metallurgy
Series: ASM Handbook
Volume: 7
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.hb.v07.a0006117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-175-7
... (or pressure) sintering. This article provides information on the mechanisms and theoretical analysis of sintering and focuses on the types, mechanisms, process and microstructural variables, computer simulation, stages, and fundamentals of densification and grain growth of solid-state sintering and liquid...
Abstract
Sintering is a thermal treatment process in which a powder or a porous material, already formed into the required shape, is converted into a useful article with the requisite microstructure. Sintering can be classified as solid-state, viscous, liquid-phase, and pressure-assisted (or pressure) sintering. This article provides information on the mechanisms and theoretical analysis of sintering and focuses on the types, mechanisms, process and microstructural variables, computer simulation, stages, and fundamentals of densification and grain growth of solid-state sintering and liquid-phase sintering. It describes the models for viscous sintering and the methods used in pressure-assisted sintering, namely, uniaxial hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing, sinter forging, and spark plasma sintering.
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